Active eukaryotes in drinking water distribution systems of ground and surface waterworks

Inkinen, Jenni; Jayaprakash, Balamuralikrishna; Siponen, Sallamaari; Hokajärvi, Anna-Maria; Pursiainen, Anna; Ikonen, Jenni; Ryzhikov, Ivan; Täubel, Martin; Kauppinen, Ari; Paananen, Jussi; Miettinen, Ilkka T.; Torvinen, Eila; Kolehmainen, Mikko; Pitkänen, Tarja

doi:10.1186/s40168-019-0715-5

Cited by 29 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 68 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The nucleic acids from the water samples were extracted using a Chemagic DNA Plant Kit (Perkin Elmer, United States) as previously described in Inkinen et al (2019) . An All Prep DNA/RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, United States) was used for RNA and DNA extraction from fecal samples according to Pitkänen et al (2013) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Ribosomal RNA as a Microbial Source Tracking Target Highlights the Assay Host-Specificity Requirement in Water Quality Assessments

et al. 2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

For microbial source tracking (MST), the 16S ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) of host-specific bacteria and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of animal species, known to cause fecal contamination of water, have been commonly used as molecular targets. However, low levels of contamination might remain undetected by using these DNA-based qPCR assays. The high copy numbers of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) could offer a solution for such applications of MST. This study compared the performance of eight MST assays: GenBac3 (general Bacteroidales), HF183 (human), BacCan (dog), Rum-2-Bac (ruminant), Pig-2-Bac (swine), Gull4 (gull), GFD, and Av4143 (birds) between rRNA-based and rDNA-based approaches. Three mtDNA-based approaches were tested: DogND5, SheepCytB, and HorseCytB. A total of 151 animal fecal samples and eight municipal sewage samples from four regions of Finland were collected for the marker evaluation. The usability of these markers was tested by using a total of 95 surface water samples with an unknown pollution load. Overall, the performance (specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy) of mtDNA-based assays was excellent (95–100%), but these markers were very seldom detected from the tested surface water samples. The rRNA template increased the sensitivity of assays in comparison to the rDNA template. All rRNA-based assays (except Av4143) had more than 80% sensitivity. In contrast, only half (HF183, Rum-2-Bac, Pig-2-Bac, and Gull4) of rDNA-based assays reached this value. For markers targeted to bird feces, the use of the rRNA-based assay increased or at least did not change the performance. Regarding specificity, all the assays had >95% specificity with a DNA template, except the BacCan assay (71%). While using the RNA template for the assays, HF183 and BacCan exhibited only a low level of specificity (54 and 55%, respectively). Further, the HF183 assay amplified from multiple non-targeted animal fecal samples with the RNA template and the marker showed cross-amplification with the DNA template as well. This study recommends using the rRNA-based approach for MST assays targeting bird fecal contamination. In the case of mammal-specific MST assays, the use of the rRNA template increases the sensitivity but may reduce the specificity and accuracy of the assay. The finding of increased sensitivity calls for a further need to develop better rRNA-based approaches to reach the required assay performance.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Ribosomal RNA as a Microbial Source Tracking Target Highlights the Assay Host-Specificity Requirement in Water Quality Assessments

et al. 2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Finally, even tap water enables the dispersal of nematodes, as these and other meiobenthic organisms (e.g., rotifers, oligochaetes, gastrotrichs, flatworms, microcrustaceans) are present in drinking water distribution systems (Funch et al, 1995;Schreiber et al, 1997;Christensen, 2011;Inkinen et al, 2019). In fact, guideline values for finished water from the Netherlands (in 1993) and North America include the allowance of 0.3 and 2.5 nematodes/l (reviewed by Christensen, 2011).…”

Section: Gone With the Windmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ability to get everywhere: dispersal modes of free-living, aquatic nematodes

Ptatscheck

Traunspurger

2020

Hydrobiologia

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Nematodes colonize almost all aquatic habitats worldwide. Despite their small size, restricted locomotion and lack of pelagic larvae, they can reach even isolated habitats within a short time. In this review, we examine the underlying dispersal modes, considering their active movement in substrates and water, their drift by water and wind, rafting, zoochory as well as human-mediated vectors. These modes are limited by morphology and habitat structure, ecological factors and especially by hydrodynamics. Active dispersal is effective over short distances, but with increasing water-flow velocity, passive dispersal modes, which enable long-range transfer, become important. In fact, the transport of nematodes over thousands of kilometers via ship water tanks and by hitchhiking on sea turtles has been documented. Overland dispersal vectors include wind and birds whereas rafting enables an aggregated distribution because food is available, and reproduction is possible onboard the rafts. The diversity of possible dispersal modes is high and offers a reasonably chance for gravid females or groups of nematodes to be transferred even to remote environments. Their immigration is continuous, and supported by their rapid, parthenogenetic reproduction, nematodes are effective pioneers with the ability to (re)colonize new or disturbed habitats or rebalance already existing communities.

show abstract

“…After incubation, the sample was centrifuged 10 000× g for 30 min at 4 °C and the pellet was suspended in PBS. Biofilm from water meters was detached and collected as previously described [34]. Before further analyses, all biofilm samples were sonicated for 1 min in 40 kHz (Branson Ultrasonics, Danbury, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nucleic acids were extracted using Chemagic DNA Plant kit (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, USA). Complementary DNA was synthesized as previously described (outbreak I) [34] or by using Superscript IV VILO (outbreak II, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA). MST markers (GenBac3 and HF183) were quantified using DNA-based qPCR assays and RNA-based RT-qPCR assays as described earlier by Pitkänen et al [27].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Drinking Water Outbreaks Caused by Wastewater Intrusion Including Sapovirus in Finland

Kauppinen

Pitkänen

Al-Hello

et al. 2019

IJERPH

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Drinking water outbreaks occur worldwide and may be caused by several factors, including raw water contamination, treatment deficiencies, and distribution network failure. This study describes two drinking water outbreaks in Finland in 2016 (outbreak I) and 2018 (outbreak II). Both outbreaks caused approximately 450 illness cases and were due to drinking water pipe breakage and subsequent wastewater intrusion into the distribution system. In both outbreaks, the sapovirus was found in patient samples as the main causative agent. In addition, adenoviruses and Dientamoeba fragilis (outbreak I), and noroviruses, astroviruses, enterotoxigenic and enterohemorragic Escherichia coli (ETEC and EHEC, respectively) and Plesiomonas shigelloides (outbreak II) were detected in patient samples. Water samples were analyzed for the selected pathogens largely based on the results of patient samples. In addition, traditional fecal indicator bacteria and host-specific microbial source tracking (MST) markers (GenBac3 and HF183) were analyzed from water. In drinking water, sapovirus and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) were found in outbreak II. The MST markers proved useful in the detection of contamination and to ensure the success of contaminant removal from the water distribution system. As mitigation actions, boil water advisory, alternative drinking water sources and chlorination were organized to restrict the outbreaks and to clean the contaminated distribution network. This study highlights the emerging role of sapoviruses as a waterborne pathogen and warrants the need for testing of multiple viruses during outbreak investigation.

show abstract

Active eukaryotes in drinking water distribution systems of ground and surface waterworks

Cited by 29 publications

References 68 publications

The Use of Ribosomal RNA as a Microbial Source Tracking Target Highlights the Assay Host-Specificity Requirement in Water Quality Assessments

The Use of Ribosomal RNA as a Microbial Source Tracking Target Highlights the Assay Host-Specificity Requirement in Water Quality Assessments

The ability to get everywhere: dispersal modes of free-living, aquatic nematodes

Two Drinking Water Outbreaks Caused by Wastewater Intrusion Including Sapovirus in Finland

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About