Active Control of Epithelial Cell‐Density Gradients Grown Along the Channel of an Organic Electrochemical Transistor

Abstract

Complex patterning of the extracellular matrix, cells, and tissues under in situ electronic control is the aim of the technique presented here. The distribution of epithelial cells along the channel of an organic electrochemical transistor is shown to be actively controlled by the gate and drain voltages, as electrochemical gradients are formed along the transistor channel when the device is biased..

Ion diode logics for pH control

“…During the reverse scan, only a small amount of hysteresis is observed. Since most of the ions injected into the neutral electrolyte of the IBMD2 structure during forward bias are H + or OH -, which can recombine to form water, the ion accumulation in the neutral region of the IBMD2 central structure is reduced compared to the single IMBD2 5 device.…”

“…Transistors 4,5 , electrodes [6][7][8] , and diodes 9 have successfully been 20 explored to selectively sense and regulate a vast array of processes of eukaryotic cell systems. Organic electronic materials possess several unique features which make them of particular value in biological applications: flexibility 10 , softness 11 , stability in physiological conditions 12 , electronic and ionic conduction 13 , 25 and biocompatibility 14 .…”

“…As a consequence, the current rectification ratio remains high even at voltages beyond ±1 V, and a rectification ratio exceeding 200 at ±4 V is observed in the IBMD2 device. 5 Even though the IBMD2 structure can exhibit good static performance, i.e., high ion current rectification, the device suffers from hysteresis due to ion accumulation when swiftly scanned from forward to reverse bias (see reverse scan in Fig. 3A).…”

A bio-inspired memory device based on interfacing Physarum polycephalum with an organic semiconductor

“…17 However, despite quick advancements of organic bioelectronics in recent years, only few examples have been described about interfacing conducting polymers with living systems. In most cases, they are related to studies focused on cell adhesion, [18][19][20] measuring neuronal activity, 21 or developing sensors for toxicology.…”

Detection of Glutamate and Acetylcholine with Organic Electrochemical Transistors Based on Conducting Polymer/Platinum Nanoparticle Composites

“…[20] Recently, OECTs have been used to create cell-density gradients, [21] to measure barrier tissue integrity [22] and to monitor action potentials in rat brains, [23] but also much efforts have been dedicated to utilize PEDOT:PSS in OECTs for biosensor applications. OECTs have been used for the detection of DNA, [24] dopamine [25] and bacteria.…”