Active Control of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in a Terahertz Metamaterial Array with Graphene for Continuous Resonance Frequency Tuning

Kindness, Stephen J.; Almond, Nikita W.; Wei, Bin; Wallis, R.; Michailow, Wladislaw; Kamboj, Varun S.; Braeuninger‐Weimer, Philipp; Hofmann, Stephan; Beere, Harvey E.; Ritchie, D. A.; Degl’Innocenti, Riccardo

doi:10.1002/adom.201800570

Cited by 92 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Therefore, since the length of the slot antenna varies, the resonant frequency can be adjusted as desired (Figure 6c). Therefore, it is possible to control the optical characteristics of the metamaterials by adjusting its dielectric properties by thermal, [65] electrical [66] or optical stimulus. In these slot antennas, greater field intensity can be localized at the center as the width of the slot decreases to allow the same amount of light to pass through (Figure 6d).…”

Section: Terahertz Metamaterials and Their Optical Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terahertz Biochemical Molecule‐Specific Sensors

Seo

Park

2019

Advanced Optical Materials

116

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The terahertz (THz) spectrum is the focus of basic research in solid‐state physics, chemistry, and materials science as well as applications in next‐generation communications, far‐infrared bolometer, bio/chemical‐sensing, and medical imaging. This wavelength range is at the intersection between photonics and electronics, presenting tremendous opportunities to boost fundamental light–matter interactions enabled by plasmonic nanostructures, metamaterials, and inherent molecular vibrational modes, which occur on time scales of tens of femtoseconds to picoseconds. Recently, engineered metamaterials have presented unique platforms for sensing applications due to their ability to boost such light–matter interactions on the nanoscale and to their spectral selectivity in a wide range from the mid‐infrared to the THz region. Their resonant response can be tuned to that of the intra‐ and intermolecular vibrational modes of target bio/chemical molecules. The emerging fields of highly sensitive and selective mid‐infrared and THz spectroscopies based on metamaterials and plasmonic nanostructures are reviewed. Furthermore, practical applications of these next generation spectroscopic sensors are also discussed, where the sensor platforms will lead to a great impact in the advancement of ultrasmall‐quantity detection of explosives, nondestructive inspection of hazardous materials, food safety, and conformational dynamics of biomolecules in their aqueous environment.

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Section: Terahertz Metamaterials and Their Optical Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terahertz Biochemical Molecule‐Specific Sensors

Seo

Park

2019

Advanced Optical Materials

116

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“…Considering the manufacturing process, the chip can be feasibly fabricated by means of conventional techniques. The fabrication of the chip is divided into four steps, roughly: Firstly, grow metallic structures on the front and back surfaces of the silicon/silicon dioxide (SSD) wafer using photolithography and lift-off process [3]; secondly, the photoresist patterns and the metallic structures together serve as a mask during the reactive ion etching (RIE) of the unneeded silica structures on both sides of the SSD wafer [30]; thirdly, transfer the graphene to both sides of the chip and then pattern the graphene strips using e-beam lithography and etching with a radio frequency oxygen plasma asher [19]; finally, connect the electrodes to the external voltage source through leads [19].…”

Section: Device Design and Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Graphene-based metamaterials used as waveguides [15], switches [16] and sensors [17] have shown their potential in developing optical devices. Meanwhile, the THz devices integrated with graphene emerged the probability in active control: Li et al experimentally demonstrated an active diode for the THz waves consisting of a graphene-silicon hybrid film [18], and Kindness et al achieved active resonance frequency tuning of a THz metamaterial by integrating metal-coupled resonator arrays with electrically tunable graphene [19]. Active devices are gradually being brought to the forefront of THz applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different from the multiband modulator whose spectra at different bands are varied simultaneously, an encoder needs to realize the individual control of every channel. Though there are many researches about graphene-based metamaterials whose transmittance can be governed by voltage [16,19,22], the independent control of different bands is hardly demonstrated. Currently, most THz modulators are made of in-plane metamaterials [23,24], where the problems caused by the interaction between different channels are intractable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Two-Bit Terahertz Encoder Realized by Graphene-Based Metamaterials

et al. 2019

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Terahertz (THz) technologies have achieved great progress in the past few decades. Developing active devices to control the THz waves is the frontier of THz applications. In this paper, a new scheme of two-bit THz encoder is proposed. Different from the present THz modulators whose spectra at different bands are varied simultaneously, our encoder can realize the individually efficient modulation of every channel. The encoder comprises the double-sided graphene-based metamaterials, in which the graphene structures on each side are connected to the external electrodes individually. The well-designed metamaterials on the front and back sides determine the resonances at two different bands (0.20 THz and 0.33 THz) separately. Through simulating the performance of this device by changing the conductivities of the graphene on each side independently, we demonstrate two-bit encoding realized by the dual-band modulation of transmission amplitude with electronic control, and the modulation depth can reach as high as 79.6%. Our encoder can promote the development of multifunctional and integrated devices, such as frequency division multiplexers and logical circuitry, which will contribute to THz communications.

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“…However, the optical tuning method requires pump laser‐based sophisticated experimental setups, while the MEMS‐based tuning method requires complex fabrication processes. Hence, electrically controllable EIT metamaterials have attracted attention as an alternative method to realize active EIT systems for practical applications …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Control of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency by Terahertz Metamaterial Funneling

Jung

Lee

et al. 2018

Advanced Optical Materials

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Metamaterial-based electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) analogs have been developed to mimic the unique spectral properties of EIT phenomena, where a sharp transmission peak is generated in the broad reflection or absorption spectrum. For this reason, researchers have recently focused on appropriate designs for EIT-like metamaterials and utilized these analogs for diverse applications, including slow light devices, [1][2][3][4] optical buffers, [5,6] and biochemical sensors. [7,8] Therefore, if EIT phenomena can be actively controlled using metamaterials, it will be a fascinating topic and an effective way to utilize these exotic properties for practical applications. Thus far, there have been many efforts to realize active EIT analog systems using various external stimulations. For example, optical tuning of active EIT metamaterials has been reported using photoconductive materials within bright and dark metaatoms in the terahertz (THz) range. [9][10][11][12] Microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based mechanical tuning of EIT metamaterials has also been demonstrated by actuating the fabricated metaatoms mechanically [13,14] or rotating the polarization of 3D EIT metamaterials. [15] However, the optical tuning method requires pump laser-based sophisticated experimental setups, while the MEMS-based tuning method requires complex fabrication processes. Hence, electrically controllable EIT metamaterials have attracted attention as an alternative method to realize active EIT systems for practical applications. [16][17][18] Recently, graphene-based active metamaterials have been extensively studied to realize electrically controllable metamaterials not only for active optical switches and filters, [19][20][21][22][23][24][25] but also for active EIT systems in the terahertz region. In particular, graphene-based EIT metamaterials have been reported with theoretical approaches, making use of solely patterned graphene [26][27][28] and metal-embedded hybrid structures. [29][30][31] However, because these approaches have assumed that the graphene films have extremely high electrical mobilities (>3000 cm 2 V −1 s −1 ) or shorter relaxation times (≈1 ps) that cannot be achievable for realistic thin graphene films; to our best knowledge, there has been no experimental verification to confirm the practical use of graphene metamaterials for EIT applications.Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) analogs using metamaterials have diverse applications, including nonlinear optics, telecommunications, and biochemical sensors. These EIT analogs can be actively controlled by embedding semiconducting materials into metamaterial structures, but most active EIT metamaterials require complex optical setups and complicated fabrication processes. Graphene-based EIT metamaterials are some of the most promising active EIT systems because of their simple controllability by electrical bias, but related researches have so far been limited to theoretical or numerical studies. Here, experimentally verified graphene EIT metamateri...

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Active Control of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in a Terahertz Metamaterial Array with Graphene for Continuous Resonance Frequency Tuning

Cited by 92 publications

References 51 publications

Terahertz Biochemical Molecule‐Specific Sensors

Terahertz Biochemical Molecule‐Specific Sensors

Two-Bit Terahertz Encoder Realized by Graphene-Based Metamaterials

Electrical Control of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency by Terahertz Metamaterial Funneling

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