Active Brazilian crack cocaine users: nutritional, anthropometric, and drug use profiles

Escobar, Mariana; Scherer, Juliana Nichterwitz; Soares, Cássia Medino; Guimarães, Luciano Santos Pinto; Hagen, Martine Elisabeth Kienzle; Diemen, Lísia von; Pechansky, Flávio

doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2409

Cited by 18 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Low caloric intake, together with abnormal metabolic and gastrointestinal functions, can lead to malnutrition among cocaine users [118]. For example, Escobar et al [119] found that hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in cocaine users were below normal, indicating protein-energy malnutrition and anemia. As the authors pointed out, anemia in this population might be associated with a diet poor in micronutrients (e.g., iron), inadequate protein consumption, and clinical issues such as decreased intrinsic factor secretion, intestinal perforations, and bacterial or infectious diseases.…”

Section: Cocaine and Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute and Chronic Effects of Cocaine on Cardiovascular Health

Kim

Park

2019

IJMS

104

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Cardiac complications resulting from cocaine use have been extensively studied because of the complicated pathophysiological mechanisms. This study aims to review the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of acute and chronic effects of cocaine on the cardiovascular system with a specific focus on human studies. Studies have consistently reported the acute effects of cocaine on the heart (e.g., electrocardiographic abnormalities, acute hypertension, arrhythmia, and acute myocardial infarction) through multifactorial mechanisms. However, variable results have been reported for the chronic effects of cocaine. Some studies found no association of cocaine use with coronary artery disease (CAD), while others reported its association with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. These inconsistent findings might be due to the heterogeneity of study subjects with regard to cardiac risk. After cocaine use, populations at high risk for CAD experienced coronary atherosclerosis whereas those at low risk did not experience CAD, suggesting that the chronic effects of cocaine were more likely to be prominent among individuals with higher CAD risk. Studies also suggested that risky behaviors and cardiovascular risks may affect the association between cocaine use and mortality. Our study findings highlight the need for education regarding the deleterious effects of cocaine, and access to interventions for cocaine abusers.

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Section: Cocaine and Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute and Chronic Effects of Cocaine on Cardiovascular Health

Kim

Park

2019

IJMS

104

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“…When cocaine is smoked, BE production rates are decreased and higher amounts of anhydroecgonine methyl ester are formed leading to the formation of anhydroecgonine by enzymatic cleavage and spontaneous chemical hydrolysis [21]. The co-consumption of cocaine and alcohol, a known depressant, is one of the most common association among drug users [22]. Since they affect the central nervous system differently, leading the user to feel sober, the risk of overdose is greater than taking the substances separately [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing cocaine use patterns in the Brazilian Capital by wastewater-based epidemiology

Silva

Quintana

González-Mariño

et al. 2018

International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry

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The levels of cocaine (COC) and its metabolites benzoylecgonine (BE) and cocaethylene (COE) in wastewater samples from Brasilia, Brazil, were determined using liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole-time-offlight mass spectrometry. The former metabolite was used to estimate cocaine consumption using a country-tuned correction factor that considers BE excretion rates for different routes of administration as well as the fraction of crack users in Brazil. A day-today analysis during a week indicates higher cocaine use in weekends with peaks on Sunday in both southern (7385±121 mg day-1 1000 inhab-1) and northern (3566±171 mg day-1 1000 inhab-1) areas of Brasilia. A significant high cocaine use was also observed in the Carnival Day of 2018 (6229±219 mg day-1 1000 inhab-1). COE/BE ratios were used to assess COC and alcohol co-consumption since COE is produced during the co-consumption of both substances. Higher ratios were also observed during the weekend. However, higher ratios on Saturdays rather than Sundays may be explained by the decrease of BE excretion during the co-consumption with alcohol, which may lead to an underestimation of the cocaine use estimates on Saturdays, as well as by different patterns of co-consumption by powder and crack users, where the latter usually drink lower amounts of alcohol. Our data suggest that only 3% of cocaine was seized by the local Technical Police during the study.

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“…These findings were replicated in a study that examined effects of intra-nasally snorted and intravenous cocaine administration [53]. Contrary findings were seen in a study that examined the nutritional status of crack cocaine users in Brazil [54]. The study found that the haematocrit level was less than normal in 36.4% of the sample and haemoglobin was less than normal in 32.4%.…”

Section: Cannabismentioning

confidence: 84%

Haematological Changes in Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders- An Overview

Raka¹,

Brigit²,

Narnoli³

2020

Int Arch Subst Abuse Rehabil

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to the nervous system and internal organs. Moreover, illicit drug uses are commonly linked with aplastic anaemia, bone marrow repression and variety of systemic disorders [3]. Hence, early diagnosis of these disorders and identification of the complications they result in is important. Haematology is the branch of medicine that deals with blood, blood-forming organs and blood disorders. This article summarizes current information on the haematological changes that are observed in different substance use disorders and the utility of these changes in clinical assessment. Overview of Substances Alcohol Alcohol is the most commonly used worldwide. Alcohol consumption is one of the leading causes of death. Chronic alcohol intake can interfere with various physiological, biochemical and metabolic processes of the blood cells and affect multiple organ systems. Alcohol use, especially in heavy drinkers, can cause different metabolic derangements. Haematological adverse effects of acute and chronic alcohol use result from both direct and indirect effects [4,5]. The direct consequences include toxicity to the blood-forming organs (viz. bone marrow); the blood cell precursors; and the mature Red Blood Cells (RBC's), White Blood Cells (WBC's), and platelets, resulting in fewer than-normal or non-functional mature blood cells. Alcohol's indirect effects include metabolic or physiological alterations resulting in liver disease and nutritional deficiencies such as folate deficiencies that

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Active Brazilian crack cocaine users: nutritional, anthropometric, and drug use profiles

Abstract: This is a pioneering study that examines the nutritional status of crack users. Our results showed that most crack users present normal anthropometric findings and the prevalence of underweight is low. However, blood analysis showed changes and a specific type of malnutrition.

Cited by 18 publications

References 39 publications

Acute and Chronic Effects of Cocaine on Cardiovascular Health

Acute and Chronic Effects of Cocaine on Cardiovascular Health

Assessing cocaine use patterns in the Brazilian Capital by wastewater-based epidemiology

Haematological Changes in Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders- An Overview

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