Active balancing system for electric vehicles with incorporated low voltage bus

Costinett, Daniel; Hathaway, Kelly; Rehman, Muneeb U.; Evzelman, Michael; Zane, Regan; Levron, Yoash; Maksimović, Dragan

doi:10.1109/apec.2014.6803768

Cited by 33 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Whereas one primary winding and large numbers of secondary windings make it difficult to optimize the transformer and large leakage inductance is introduced, which results in the voltage spike over the power devices. The low voltage bus in the electric vehicles is utilized for energy transfer in [30] and [31] and the high voltage stress is avoided, but this method cannot be used in the applications where no low voltage bus exists.…”

Section: C2p Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

A Hierarchical Active Balancing Architecture for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Zhang

Gui

et al. 2017

IEEE Trans. Power Electron.

145

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This paper proposes a hierarchical active balancing architecture for the series-connected lithium-ion batteries. The key point of the architecture is that by grouping the battery string into different packs and introducing the top layer, the coupled influence among the cells in different packs is eliminated, which reduces the required balancing time and the energy loss. The repeated charging and discharging problem is avoided, which is beneficial for increasing the State-of-Health (SOH). Moreover, the proposed architecture can lower the current rating of the balancing circuits, which helps decrease the required cost and improve the system efficiency. On the basis of the architecture, a balancing control using the State-of-Charge (SOC) of each cell is proposed to achieve the balance for all the cells. Furthermore, to deliver the energy from one pack to any other pack bi-directionally, a multi-directional multi-port converter along with the current control method is proposed to serve as the top layer. This converter is different from the conventional three-port converter as it can achieve the arbitrary current flow direction control for any number of ports. The experimental results based on 24 series-connected 200 Ah lithium-ion batteries verified the benefits of the proposed architecture and the balancing circuits. After balancing, 4.1% of the total energy of the battery string is saved. Compared to the conventional Adjacent Cell-to-Cell (A-C2C) architecture, the proposed architecture can decrease the balancing time and the energy loss during the balancing process by 27.6% and 44.0%respectively. In addition, the current rating and the cost of the balancing circuits in the proposed architecture is only 37.5% and 11.5% of that in other references.

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Section: C2p Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

A Hierarchical Active Balancing Architecture for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Zhang

Gui

et al. 2017

IEEE Trans. Power Electron.

145

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“…Passive balancing features simple design and implementation and relatively low cost [9], but due to inherent energy loss, it is less attractive in terms of energy saving. The active balancing architectures include variety of topologies such as switched-capacitor converters [10]- [12], isolated and non-isolated unidirectional and bidirectional DC-DC converters [13]- [24], and multi-winding transformer-based converters [25]- [27]. The main challenges of the active solutions often relate to implementation issues such as high component count and complex control algorithms [28], [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ZCS resonant converter based parallel balancing of serially connected batteries string

Zeltser

Kirshenboim

Dahan

et al. 2016

2016 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)

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This paper introduces a new topology for parallel balancing of serially connected batteries string. The main advantage of the balancing concept is that energy is transferred only when the cells are unbalanced. As a result, the power losses are significantly reduced since no current circulates through the system when balanced. This has been enabled by a modification of an isolated series-resonant converter operating in DCM and features zero current switching (ZCS). Another attractive feature is that one transformer for two cells is used, as opposed to conventional isolated topologies that require a transformer per cell. The realization is simple and requires simple current polarity detector. Experimental results have been obtained by a prototype of two series connected batteries, which demonstrates the balancing capabilities of the system.

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“…The goal of active balancing (AB), on the other hand, is to redistribute the excess energy and to equalize the state of charge (SoC) among the cells. There is a plethora of AB methods in the literature [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. AB can operate in different energy flow directions, such as cell-to-cell, pack-to-cell, and cell-topack, and regarding the energy transfer element, it can also be classified as capacitor-based, inductor-based, transformer-based, and converter-based.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Intermodular Active Balancing Topology for Efficient Operation of High Voltage Battery Packs in Li-Ion Based Energy Storage Systems: Switched (Flying) DC/DC Converter

Ceylan,

Balikci

2023

Energies

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To meet the load voltage and power requirements for various specific needs, a typical lithium–ion battery (LIB) pack consists of different parallel and series combinations of individual cells in modules, which can go as high as tens of series and parallel connections in each module, reaching hundreds and even thousands of cells at high voltage (HV) levels. The inhomogeneity among the cells and modules results in voltage imbalances during operation and reduces the overall system efficiency. In this work, a robust and flexible active balancing topology is presented. It can not only mitigate the charge imbalance within a module, i.e., intramodular equalization, but also help to balance the state of charge (SoC) level of the modules in a high voltage pack, i.e., intermodular equalization, which is an often-overlooked topic. The proposed concept was proven by experimental verification on parallel and series configurations of cells in realistically sized modules and practical battery management system (BMS) hardware, when the LIB was both idle and under load.

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Active balancing system for electric vehicles with incorporated low voltage bus

Cited by 33 publications

References 16 publications

A Hierarchical Active Balancing Architecture for Lithium-Ion Batteries

A Hierarchical Active Balancing Architecture for Lithium-Ion Batteries

ZCS resonant converter based parallel balancing of serially connected batteries string

An Intermodular Active Balancing Topology for Efficient Operation of High Voltage Battery Packs in Li-Ion Based Energy Storage Systems: Switched (Flying) DC/DC Converter

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