Activation patterns of murine B cells after oral administration of an encapsulated soluble antigen

Food allergy and eosinophilic esophagitis: Learning what to avoid

“…Soluble antigens are less sensitizing than particulate antigens. 12,13 Processing of foods. Dry-roasted peanuts are more allergenic than raw or boiled peanuts, partly because they are less soluble.…”

Local gene expression and immune responses of vaginal DNA vaccination using a needle-free injector

“…Mucosal vaccines have been administered by either oral or nasal route in order to induce immunity at multiple sites, including the female reproductive tract (McGhee and Kiyono, 1993). On the other hand, there is evidence that local exposure to antigen can result in a much stronger immune response at the region of exposure than at distant sites (Jain et al, 1996), it was recently demonstrated for CD8+ CTLs (Belyakov et al, 2007). Previous studies suggest that the vaginal immunization route can be used effectively for inducing local immune responses in the female genital tract (Wassen et al, 1996;Hamajima et al, 2002).…”

Mucosal Vaccination Strategies for Women

“…cosal administration of vaccines since oral immunization induces antibodies not just locally in the gastrointestinal tract but also at distal mucosal regions, including the female genital tract [1,[4][5][6]. However, there is evidence that much higher levels of specific IgA might be generated at specific sites in the mucosa by applying antigen locally [7][8][9]. Unfortunately, few comparative mucosal immunization studies have been performed in humans.…”