“…As evidenced above, morphine CPP is regulated by glutamatergic, cholinergic, and dopaminergic systems. In addition to this, preclinical evidence suggests that morphine-context associations rely on signaling from another neurotransmitter, hormonal, and neuromodulatory systems, including opioid, GABA, norepinephrine, serotonin, cannabinoid, nitric oxide, hypocretin/orexin, neuropeptide S, and cholecystokinin (Tzschentke, 1998 , 2007 ; Le Merrer et al, 2009 ; Li et al, 2009 ; Billa et al, 2010 ; Karimi et al, 2013 ; Ghavipanjeh et al, 2015 ; Loureiro et al, 2016 ; Zhang et al, 2016 ; Azizbeigi et al, 2019 ) as well as systems involved in immune function and inflammation (Ghahremani et al, 2006 ; Zhang et al, 2012 ; Chen et al, 2017 ). Additionally, evidence suggests that morphine-induced suppression of endogenous histamine is important for morphine CPP as bilateral lesions of the tuberomammillary nucleus, a brain region that expresses histamine-releasing neurons, potentiated the development of morphine CPP (Gong et al, 2007 ).…”