Activation of the Human DNA Polymerase β Promoter by a DNA-alkylating Agent through Induced Phosphorylation of cAMP Response Element-binding Protein-1

Promoter Activation via a Cyclic AMP Response Element in Vitro

“…Prior studies in similar nuclear extracts have indicated that the major activator bound to the CRE is CREB-1 and that it is not phosphorylated (28). CREB has been shown to contact TFIID in nuclear extracts and to activate transcription without serine phosphorylation (23,24).…”

“…Instead the activator was proposed to allow the polymerase, prebound in an open complex, to clear the promoter in a way that led to the observed 3-fold activation of transcription. The protein isoform that bound the CRE and accomplished the activation in nuclear extract was reported to be unphosphorylated CREB-1 (28).…”

Distinct cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) domains stimulate different steps in a concerted mechanism of transcription activation

“…We previously showed that stimulation of in vitro transcription by cAMP-activatable PKA required a CRE site in the template and could be inhibited by a PKA-specific inhibitor peptide or by the addition of phosphatase but PKA did not affect binding of CREB (12). Additional in vitro transcription studies by others suggested that factors associated with ATF͞CRE sites could promote any (7,9,10) or all (11) of the steps in transcription initiation in response to cAMP. However, interpretation of these studies is limited by the possible complication that PKA phosphorylates and changes the activity of other proteins in the nuclear extracts.…”

“…Previous studies, based on the binding of heterogeneous activating transcription factor (ATF)͞CREB proteins to CRE sites, have produced conf licting results (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). Early studies using footprinting demonstrated that the presence of an ATF͞CRE site in a promoter produced an extended footprint, caused by a complex containing RNA polymerase II and TFIIB, TFIID, and TFIIE (7,8).…”

DNA damage and base excision repair : an important role during zebrafish embryogenesis

“…Moreover, partial K/D also results in loss of the critical transcription factor, creb1 (Pei et al 2011), a result that is not overly surprising considering creb1 is known to regulate polβ expression (Narayan, He, and Wilson 1996). These findings also occurred in primary cultures of murine B cells (Pei et al 2011 (Impey et al 2004;Zhang et al 2005) and Apex1 regulates Creb1 protein, Apex1 is linked to genomic transcription, but not necessarily via its reported redox capability.…”