Activation of radical polymerization by microwaves—I. Polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate

Microwave-induced synthesis of partially aromatic polyamides via the Yamazaki phosphorylation reaction

“…Succinic, adipic, suberic, sebacic and fumaric acids (all from Riedel) were also used after recrystalization. Triphenyl phosphite (TPP) as the ether solution (Merck) was purified by washing with 5 wt.-% aqueous sodium hydroxide, distilled water and then with saturated NaOH solution, followed by drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, evaporation of ether, and storing of the purified material (melting point 19 8 C) in a cool place. Pyridine (py, Riedel) was applied after distillation and storing over potassium hydroxide pellets.…”

“…Since then, microwave-assisted rapid organic syntheses have been reported for a variety of common organic reactions [4][5][6][7] . In the field of synthetic polymer chemistry, microwave energy has been used for the radical polymerization of vinyl monomers such as 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate 8) , methyl methacrylate 9) , and styrene 10) , and for curing of polymers such as epoxy resins 2,[11][12][13][14][15][16] and polyurethanes 17,18) , as well as for the imidization of polyamic acids 19,20) . Microwave-induced copolymerization of maleic anhydride and allythiourea in solid state was reported recently 21) .…”

Polymerization of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A/ diaminodiphenyl sulfone epoxy resins using radio frequency fields

“…The principal reason for this has been the availability of microwave sources in the form of commercial ovens. This work has demonstrated that curing of polymers such as epoxy resins, 1,2,4,6 -10,12-18,20,21 polyurethanes, 5,11 vinyl polymers, 3,19 and bismaleimides 14,15 is indeed easily achievable using microwave fields. The possibility of very rapid curing of heterogeneous materials, and hence the formation of unique structures, 14 -16 has been canvassed by several workers.…”

Synthesis of poly(amide‐ester)s by microwave methods

“…In the last decade, considerable effort has been devoted to investigating the advantages of microwave irradiation over conventional thermal processing in the heating and synthesis of organic and polymer materials. [2][3][4][5] In the field of synthetic polymer chemistry, microwave energy has been used for polymerization of vinyl monomers, [6][7][8] ring opening polymerization of caprolactam and caprolactone, 9,10 condensation polymerization of polyesters, 11,12 polyamides, [13][14][15] and polyimides, 14,[16][17][18] as well as the curing of epoxy 19,20 and polyurethane resins. 21 Poly(amide-ester)s [22][23][24] synthesized by conventional melt polycondensation have received increasing interest in recent years.…”