Activation of Nrf2 by dimethyl fumarate improves vascular calcification

Potential drugs which activate nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 signaling to prevent diabetic cardiovascular complications: A focus on fumaric acid esters

“…Furthermore, BG-12 significantly attenuated calcification of ex vivo ring cultures from both rat common carotid artery and mouse thoracic aorta as well as in the in vivo Vitamin D3-induced aortic calcification mouse model. These findings are consistent with increased Nrf2 protein levels in early stage of calcification [74].…”

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition by gemigliptin prevents abnormal vascular remodeling via NF-E2-related factor 2 activation

“…Previously, we reported that various types of drugs such as α-lipoic acid and dimethyl fumarate have been identified as Nrf2 activators with protective effects against abnormal vascular remodeling via restoration of mitochondrial function [20,37]. In many studies, cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure have been shown to be associated with abnormal vascular remodeling following vascular damage to the fundamental interactions between endothelial cells and VSMCs.…”

Microparticulate/nanoparticulate powders of a novel Nrf2 activator and an aerosol performance enhancer for pulmonary delivery targeting the lung Nrf2/Keap-1 pathway

“…Recently, the DMF was approved in the United States as an orally administered delayed-release capsule, Tecfidera ® (Biogen, Research Triangle Park, NC) to treat the autoimmune neurological disease, multiple sclerosis. The approval of DMF to treat multiple sclerosis has opened doors to new avenues for research in using the DMF in other inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, such as polyarthiritis, vascular calcification 19 , renal fibrosis 20 , and pancreatitis 21, 22 .…”

“…However, during oxidative stress nrf2 dissociates from Keap-1, translocates into the nucleus and binds to electrophile response elements (ARE), promoting the transcription of the target gene. DMF activates the dissociation of Nrf2 from Keap-1 by selectively blocking, or binding to, reactive cysteine residues in Keap-1 19 .…”