Activation of Melanin Synthesis in Alternaria infectoria by Antifungal Drugs

Fernandes, Chantal; Prados-Rosales, Rafael; Silva, Branca M.A.; Nakouzi-Naranjo, Antonio; Zuzarte, Mónica; Chatterjee, Subhasish; Casadevall, Arturo; Gonçalves, Teresa

doi:10.1128/aac.02190-15

Cited by 36 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(86 reference statements)

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“…M. mycetomatis melanin has been shown to offer protection against itraconazole [20]. In Alternaria infectoria, increased melanisation was observed in the presence of itraconazole [21]. In Sporotrix schenckii sensu stricto and Sporotrix brasiliensis, melanisation protected the fungi from dying by amphotericin B [22].…”

Section: % G L U I T Z T B F + I T Z T B F + a M B I T Z + A M B A M mentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining two antifungal agents does not enhance survival of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with Madurella mycetomatis

Eadie

Parel

Poppel

et al. 2017

Tropical Med Int Health

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Combining different classes of antifungal agents did not enhance the survival of M. mycetomatis-infected G. mellonella larvae. Instead of improving the therapeutic outcome, combining either itraconazole or terbinafine with amphotericin B resulted in significantly lower survival rates of infected larvae than amphotericin B monotherapy. This experimental study does not provide support for the use of combined amphotericin B and itraconazole, combined itraconazole and terbinafine or combined terbinafine and amphotericin B and should be confirmed in other animal models.

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Section: % G L U I T Z T B F + I T Z T B F + a M B I T Z + A M B A M mentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining two antifungal agents does not enhance survival of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with Madurella mycetomatis

Eadie

Parel

Poppel

et al. 2017

Tropical Med Int Health

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“…6). Interestingly, pyroquilon a DHN melanin synthesis inhibitor [29] enhanced melanization and prevented pellet disorganization (Fig. 6).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Autolytic enzymes are responsible for increased melanization of carbon stressed Aspergillus nidulans cultures

et al. 2017

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Melanization of carbon stressed Aspergillus nidulans cultures were studied. Melanin production showed strong positive correlation with the activity of the secreted chitinase and ß-1,3-glucanase. Deletion of either chiB encoding an autolytic endochitinase or engA encoding an autolytic ß-1,3-endoglucanase, or both, almost completely prevented melanization of carbon stressed cultures. In contrast, addition of Trichoderma lyticase to cultures induced melanin production. Synthetic melanin could efficiently inhibit the purified ChiB chitinase activity. It could also efficiently decrease the intensity of hyphal fragmentation and pellet disorganization in Trichoderma lyticase treated cultures. Glyphosate, an inhibitor of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-type melanin synthesis, could prevent melanization of carbon-starved cultures and enhanced pellet disorganization, while pyroquilon, a 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-type melanin synthesis inhibitor, enhanced melanization, and prevented pellet disorganization. We concluded that cell wall stress induced by autolytic cell wall hydrolases was responsible for melanization of carbon-starved cultures. The produced melanin can shield the living cells but may not inhibit the degradation and reutilization of cell wall materials of dead hyphae. Controlling the activity of autolytic hydrolase production can be an efficient approach to prevent unwanted melanization in the fermentation industry, while applying melanin synthesis inhibitors can decrease the resistance of pathogenic fungi against the chitinases produced by the host organism.

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“…Regardless of the fungal species-specific structural characteristics of this pigment, melanization has been demonstrated as a crucial virulence factor during the interaction with the host immune system (Akoumianaki et al, 2016), to confer protection against antifungals (Fernandes et al, 2015) and to regulate capsule formation (Gish et al, 2016). Accordingly, the production of eumelanin from the phenolic precursor L-dihydroxyphenylalanine was described in T. asahii (Figueiredo-Carvalho et al, 2014).…”

Section: Virulence Traits and Evolution Of Phenotypic Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cell Biology of the Trichosporon-Host Interaction

Duarte-Oliveira

Rodrigues

Gonçalves

et al. 2017

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Fungi of the genus Trichosporon are increasingly recognized as causative agents of superficial and invasive fungal disease in humans. Although most species are considered commensals of the human skin and gastrointestinal tract, these basidiomycetes are an increasing cause of fungal disease among immunocompromised hosts, such as hematological patients and solid organ transplant recipients. The initiation of commensal or pathogenic programs by Trichosporon spp. involves the adaptation to the host microenvironment and its immune system. However, the exact virulence factors activated upon the transition to a pathogenic lifestyle, including the intricate biology of the cell wall, and how these interact with and subvert the host immune responses remain largely unknown. Here, we revisit our current understanding of the virulence attributes of Trichosporon spp., particularly T. asahii, and their interaction with the host immune system, and accommodate this knowledge within novel perspectives on fungal diagnostics and therapeutics.

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Activation of Melanin Synthesis in Alternaria infectoria by Antifungal Drugs

Cited by 36 publications

References 64 publications

Combining two antifungal agents does not enhance survival of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with Madurella mycetomatis

Combining two antifungal agents does not enhance survival of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with Madurella mycetomatis

Autolytic enzymes are responsible for increased melanization of carbon stressed Aspergillus nidulans cultures

The Cell Biology of the Trichosporon-Host Interaction

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