Activation of Inert Supports for Enzyme(s) Immobilization Harnessing Biocatalytic Sustainability for Perennial Utilization

Abstract

Although Nature's evolution and intelligence have gifted humankind with noteworthy enzyme candidates to simplify complex reactions with ultrafast, overselective, effortless, mild biological reactions for millions of years, their availability at minutescale, short-range time−temperature stability, and purification costs hardly justify recycling/or reuse. Covalent immobilization, particularly via multipoint bonds, prevents denaturing, maintains activities for long-range time, pH, and temperature, and makes catalysts available for repetitive usages; which attracts researchers and industries to bring more immobilized enzyme contenders in science and commercial progressions. Inert-support activation, the most crucial step, needs appropriate activators; under mild conditions, the activator's functional group(s) still present on the activated support rapidly couples the enzyme, preventing unfolding and keeping the active site alive. This review summarizes exciting experimental advances, from the 1950s until today, in the activation strategies of various inert supports with five different surface activators, the cyanogen bromide, the isocyanate/isothiocyanate, the glutaraldehyde, the carbodiimide (with or without N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)), and the diazo group, for the immobilization of diverse enzymes for broader applications. These activators under mild pH (7.5 ± 0.5) and temperature (27 ± 3 °C) and ordinary stirring witnessed support activation and enzyme coupling and put off unfolding, harnessing addressable activities (CNBr: 40 ± 10%; -N�C�O/-N�C�S: 32 ± 7%; GA: 70 ± 15%; CDI: 60 ± 10%; -N + �N: 80 ± 15%), while underprivileged stability, longevity, and reusabilities keep future investigations alive.