Activation of IL-8 and its participation in cancer in schizophrenia patients: new evidence for the autoimmune hypothesis of schizophrenia

Xu, Lvzi; Qi, Xiao; Zhu, Chi; Wan, Lihua

doi:10.2147/ndt.s188210

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Such elevated levels of IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α imply that schizophrenia might represent an autoimmune neuropsychiatric spectrum disorder that may emerge during an autoimmune CNS disease ( 63 ). Furthermore, there may be connections between the overexpression of IL-8 in patients with schizophrenia and cancer ( 64 ). Indeed, an elevation of cytokines may provide insight as to why many patients jointly may have schizophrenia and autoimmune diseases ( 65 , 66 ).…”

Section: Cytokines In Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokine Imbalance in Schizophrenia. From Research to Clinic: Potential Implications for Treatment

2021

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Cytokines are one of the most important components of the immune system. They orchestrate the brain's response to infectious and other exogenous insults and are crucial mediators of the cross-talk between the nervous and immune systems. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that severe infections and autoimmune disorders, in addition to genetic predisposition, are risk factors for schizophrenia. Furthermore, maternal infection during pregnancy appears to increase the risk of schizophrenia, and proinflammatory cytokines may be negatively involved in the neurodevelopmental process. A cytokine imbalance has been described in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenia patients, particularly in the T helper type 1 [Th1] and type 2 [Th2] cytokines, albeit the results of such studies appear to be contradictory. Chronic stress, likewise, appears to contribute to a lasting proinflammatory state and likely also promotes the disorder. The aim of this mini-review is to investigate the roles of different cytokines in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and define how cytokines may represent key molecular targets to regulate for the prevention and treatment of schizophrenia. How current antipsychotic drugs impact cytokine networks is also evaluated. In this context, we propose to change the focus of schizophrenia from a traditionally defined brain disorder, to one that is substantially impacted by the periphery and immune system.

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Section: Cytokines In Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokine Imbalance in Schizophrenia. From Research to Clinic: Potential Implications for Treatment

2021

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“…A recent study found that the genes responsible for producing the cytokine Interleukin-8 (IL-8) were highly expressed in people suffering from schizophrenia causing greater production of the cytokine when compared to a control group. The results suggest that IL-8 could be responsible for pathophysiological changes in the brain that occur in people suffering from schizophrenia (L. Xu et al, 2018).…”

Section: Autoimmune Hypothesis Of Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Schizophrenia: Epidemiology, Causes, Neurobiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment

Volkan¹

2020

jhms

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Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that has devastating consequences for those who suffer from the disorder. The epidemiology of schizophrenia indicates that it occurs relatively often, in many different contexts, and in conjunction with other disorders, decreasing quality of life and causing premature death. There has been an enormous amount of research into the causes of schizophrenia and there is now have a much better understanding of the genetic, environmental, and psychological factors that contribute to the disease. While there are numerous ways to understand and conceptualize schizophrenia, a unified picture of the neurobiology, changes in brain structure, cognitive and social-cognitive impairments related to the disorder has yet to emerge. Convulsive therapies and psychosurgery were used unsuccessfully, indiscriminately and without scientific validation in the past to treat schizophrenia. Medical advances including advanced imaging technology have now provided the ability to perform specifically focused neuromodulation and psychosurgery in severe and treatment resistant cases of schizophrenia. While still at a preliminary stage, these approaches have the potential to yield effective treatments in the future. For the last 70 years antipsychotic medication has become the prevailing treatment for schizophrenia. However, many people suffering from the disorder have trouble with side-effects and adhering to a regimen of antipsychotic medication. Newer pharmacological agents are being developed and include not only novel antipsychotic drugs, but anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating agents as well. These new agents, used either alone or in combination, have the potential to improve outcomes for people suffering from schizophrenia. Nevertheless, conclusively better pharmacotherapies will likely not arise until there is better understanding of the pathophysiology underlying schizophrenia. After the development of antipsychotic medication, psychotherapeutic methods for treating schizophrenia fell out of favor, but there is currently some reversal of this trend. The use of newer psychotherapies and modified forms of older therapeutic treatments are not only targeting the symptoms of schizophrenia but are also now focusing on recovery from the disorder. These newer approaches as well as efforts at preventing schizophrenia show promise in reducing the suffering caused by this disease.

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“…In addition, substantial proteome changes were observed to implicate various cytokines in sarcoidosis [ 96 ]. It should be noted that there is an inverse correlation between PLLP expression and expression of the genes for certain cytokines and growth factors (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and VEGFA), indicating indirectly that PLLP may be involved in regulating expression of these genes [ 83 , 84 , 97 – 101 ].…”

Section: Plasmolipin Role In Disease Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmolipin and Its Role in Cell Processes

et al. 2021

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The mechanisms involved in the origin and development of malignant and neurodegenerative diseases are an important area of modern biomedicine. A crucial task is to identify new molecular markers that are associated with rearrangements of intracellular signaling and can be used for prognosis and the development of effective treatment approaches. The proteolipid plasmolipin (PLLP) is a possible marker. PLLP is a main component of the myelin sheath and plays an important role in the development and normal function of the nervous system. PLLP is involved in intracellular transport, lipid raft formation, and Notch signaling. PLLP is presumably involved in various disorders, such as cancer, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLLP and its homologs were identified as possible virus entry receptors. The review summarizes the data on the PLLP structure, normal functions, and role in diseases.

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Activation of IL-8 and its participation in cancer in schizophrenia patients: new evidence for the autoimmune hypothesis of schizophrenia

Cited by 15 publications

References 66 publications

Cytokine Imbalance in Schizophrenia. From Research to Clinic: Potential Implications for Treatment

Cytokine Imbalance in Schizophrenia. From Research to Clinic: Potential Implications for Treatment

Schizophrenia: Epidemiology, Causes, Neurobiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment

Plasmolipin and Its Role in Cell Processes

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