Activation of human T-lymphocytes

Abstract

Stereological data of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-activated human T-lymphocytes were recorded at intervals (12 to 72 h) together with biochemical (isotope-uptake, lymphotoxin-release) and morphological measurements. About 98% of the cells were activated 12 h after PHA-stimulation. The activation phase lasted less than 48 h, i.e., cells entering the activation phase within 12 h were at their activation maximum by 48 h. The activated cell increased in size. The nuclear/cytoplasmic-ratio decreased. Most of the cytoplasmic organelles developed in phase with the increase of cytoplasmic volume. After 48 h, mitotic figures were frequently seen. Due to the increasing number of secondary, activated daughter cells, parameters of most cytoplasmic components declined between 48 and 72 h. Structural changes in the nucleus preceded the 3H-leucine uptake, which had not reached its maximum after 72 h of incubation. The 3H-leucine uptake started as early as 12 h after culture initiation, and its increase was proportional to the increasing polyribosome density. No maximum uptake was reached up to 72 h, but the development of structural components related to this uptake was at its maximum at the end of the activation phase (48 h). The formation of bound ribosomes occurred subsequent to the enlargement of the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Initial polysome formation occurred at the expense of existing free ribosomes.

The Volume Activated Potassium Channel KCNK5 is Up-Regulated in Activated Human T Cells, but Volume Regulation is Impaired

“…In the current study we find that the activated human T cells enlarge upon activation which is a well described feature in the activated and proliferating T cells [28,29]. There is a strong up-regulation of KCNK5 which is in agreement with earlier findings [8,23].…”

Cannabidiol Discovery and Synthesis—a Target‐Oriented Analysis in Drug Production Processes

“…On the other hand, stronga cids (e.g.,m ethanesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, or p-TsOH) under reflux provide D 8À -THC (8)a samain product. [144][145][146] The formation of 8 could be via CBD as an intermediate, since (À)-2 can undergo intramolecular cyclization in the presence of p-TsOH. 121 Moreover,R azdane tal.…”

“…[123] In the first step, the authors synthesized 44 through aF riedel-Crafts reaction between 26 and 43 using BF 3 •OEt 2 as ac at-Scheme13. Susceptibilityo fC BD synthesis to reaction conditions: a) oxalic acid, CHCl 3 ,208C, 66 h, (À)-2 (24 %); [121] b) p-TsOH,t oluene, RT,1.5 h, (À)-2 (20 %); [143,150] c) p-TsOH, benzene, 80 8C, 1.5 h, 8 (53 %); [146,151] 4 ,08C, (À)-1 (50 %); [143] e) 1) 8,ZnCl 2 ,HCl, CH 2 Cl 2 ,2 )K-t-amylate, benzene, 5t o6 58C, (À)-1 (92 %); [147] f) p-TsOH, benzene, 80 8C, 1.5 h, 8 (99 %). [114,121] Scheme14.…”

“… [121, 143] For example, condensation of 26 with 27 in the presence of weak acids (e.g., oxalic acid, maleic acid, or p ‐toluenesulfonic acid ( p ‐TsOH)) and at temperatures around 20 °C or lower result in (−)‐ 2 , also forming byproducts 40 and 41 in a similar distribution to that of DMF‐derived acetal‐mediated 39 reactions (Figure 4). On the other hand, strong acids (e.g., methanesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, or p ‐TsOH) under reflux provide Δ 8− ‐THC ( 8 ) as a main product [144–146] . The formation of 8 could be via CBD as an intermediate, since (−)‐ 2 can undergo intramolecular cyclization in the presence of p ‐TsOH.…”

“… Susceptibility of CBD synthesis to reaction conditions: a) oxalic acid, CHCl 3 , 20 °C, 66 h, (−)‐ 2 (24 %); [121] b) p ‐TsOH, toluene, RT, 1.5 h, (−)‐ 2 (20 %); [143, 150] c) p ‐TsOH, benzene, 80 °C, 1.5 h, 8 (53 %); [146, 151] d) BF 3 ⋅ OEt 2 , CHCl 3 , MgSO 4 , 0 °C, (−)‐ 1 (50 %); [143] e) 1) 8 , ZnCl 2 , HCl, CH 2 Cl 2 , 2) K‐ t ‐amylate, benzene, 5 to 65 °C, (−)‐ 1 (92 %); [147] f) p ‐TsOH, benzene, 80 °C, 1.5 h, 8 (99 %) [114, 121] …”