“…These pro-oxidative effects are strongly linked to the induction of pro-infl ammatory responses in the same cell types as previously reviewed by Araujo ( 2011 ). These include the activation of the NF-kB Montiel-Davalos et al 2010 ), p38 MAPK (Mo et al 2009 ;Sumanasekera et al 2007 ) and ERK1/2 pathways (Mo et al 2009 ) with subsequent upregulation of pro-infl ammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), Montiel-Davalos et al 2010 ), and adhesion molecules such as VCAM ), E-selectin, P-selectin (MontielDavalos et al 2007 ) in endothelial cells. There is also an air pollution induced increase in production of TNF-α, IL-6 (Alfaro- Moreno et al 2002 ;Fujii et al 2002 ;Osornio-Vargas et al 2003 ;Pozzi et al 2003 ;Becker et al 2005a ;Amakawa et al 2003 ), IL-8 (Becker et al 2005b ;Monn and Becker 1999 ), IL1-α (Brown et al 2004 ), IL1-β (Jimenez et al 2002 ), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (Fujii et al 2002 ;Ishii et al 2005 ) and macrophage-infl ammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) (Imrich et al 2007 ) in macrophages.…”