Activation of brainstem neurons by underwater diving in the rat

Panneton, W. Michael; Gan, Qi; Le, Jason; Livergood, Robert S.; Clerc, Philip; Juric, Rajko

doi:10.3389/fphys.2012.00111

Cited by 34 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 118 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A total of 20 studies were identified that reported a relationship between KF and cranial nerve function, and these involved the trigeminal (6 studies) [14][15][16][17][18][19], vagus (9) [4,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] and hypoglossal (5) [28][29][30][31][32] nerves. The experimental techniques used in obtaining these findings are summarized in Table 1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus: a review of animal studies and the implications for cranial nerve function in humans

Browaldh

Bautista

Dutschmann

et al. 2015

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To review the scientific literature on the relationship between Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) and cranial nerve function in animal models, with view to evaluating the potential role of KF maturation in explaining age-related normal physiologic parameters and developmental and acquired impairment of cranial nerve function in humans. Medical databases (Medline and PubMed). Studies investigating evidence of KF activity responsible for a specific cranial nerve function that were based on manipulation of KF activity or the use of neural markers were included. Twenty studies were identified that involved the trigeminal (6 studies), vagus (9), and hypoglossal nerves (5). These pertained specifically to a role of the KF in mediating the dive reflex, laryngeal adductor control, swallowing function and upper airway tone. The KF acts as a mediator of a number of important functions that relate primarily to laryngeal closure, upper airway tone and swallowing. These areas are characterized by a variety of disorders that may present to the otolaryngologist, and hence the importance of understanding the role played by the KF in maintaining normal function.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus: a review of animal studies and the implications for cranial nerve function in humans

Browaldh

Bautista

Dutschmann

et al. 2015

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Under most physiological circumstances cardiovagal tone and vasomotor sympathetic activity vary in opposite directions (e.g., exercise, baroreflex) but there are exceptions. Coactivation of these outflows occurs during diving, a behavior that triggers Fos activation throughout the A1/C1 group (119,135). The most rostral of these activated neurons are most likely presympathetic neurons that contribute to the muscle and gut vasoconstriction associated with diving (119,135).…”

Section: Regulation Of the Parasympathetic Outflow By The C1 Neurons:mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coactivation of these outflows occurs during diving, a behavior that triggers Fos activation throughout the A1/C1 group (119,135). The most rostral of these activated neurons are most likely presympathetic neurons that contribute to the muscle and gut vasoconstriction associated with diving (119,135). However, the rest of the C1 cells activated by diving do not innervate the spinal cord and may contribute to other autonomic responses associated with diving such as hepatic glucose release, epinephrine release favoring anaerobic metabolism and, possibly, bradycardia.…”

Section: Regulation Of the Parasympathetic Outflow By The C1 Neurons:mentioning

confidence: 99%

C1 neurons: the body's EMTs

Guyenet

Stornetta

Bochorishvili

et al. 2013

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

231

252

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The C1 neurons reside in the rostral and intermediate portions of the ventrolateral medulla (RVLM, IVLM). They use glutamate as a fast transmitter and synthesize catecholamines plus various neuropeptides. These neurons regulate the hypothalamic pituitary axis via direct projections to the paraventricular nucleus and regulate the autonomic nervous system via projections to sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. The presympathetic C1 cells, located in the RVLM, are probably organized in a roughly viscerotopic manner and most of them regulate the circulation. C1 cells are variously activated by hypoglycemia, infection or inflammation, hypoxia, nociception, and hypotension and contribute to most glucoprivic responses. C1 cells also stimulate breathing and activate brain stem noradrenergic neurons including the locus coeruleus. Based on the various effects attributed to the C1 cells, their axonal projections and what is currently known of their synaptic inputs, subsets of C1 cells appear to be differentially recruited by pain, hypoxia, infection/inflammation, hemorrhage, and hypoglycemia to produce a repertoire of stereotyped autonomic, metabolic, and neuroendocrine responses that help the organism survive physical injury and its associated cohort of acute infection, hypoxia, hypotension, and blood loss. C1 cells may also contribute to glucose and cardiovascular homeostasis in the absence of such physical stresses, and C1 cell hyperactivity may contribute to the increase in sympathetic nerve activity associated with diseases such as hypertension. C1 neurons; blood pressure; brain stem BEST KNOWN for their contribution to the control of arterial pressure (AP), the C1 neurons have also been implicated in many other physiological processes ranging from neuroendocrine responses to infection and inflammation, glucose homeostasis, reproduction, breathing, thermoregulation, hypothalamo-pituitary axis (HPA)-mediated stress responses, and food consumption. The purpose of this review is to summarize the most salient information concerning the C1 cells, to point out some of the remaining gaps in our current knowledge, and to suggest a few unifying physiological principles that could account for these seemingly disparate observations. Based on the various effects attributed to the C1 cells and what is currently known of their synaptic inputs, we propose that these neurons are, figuratively speaking, the body's "emergency medical technicians." By this we imply that these neurons produce stereotyped autonomic, metabolic, and neuroendocrine responses designed to help the organism survive major acute physical stresses such as accidental, pathological, or dive-related hypoxia or physical injury and its associated cohort of acute infection, blood loss, and hypotension. These emergency responses include, in the short term and depending on the stress, vasoconstriction, cardioinhibition, or acceleration, breathing stimulation, antidiuresis, changes in metabolism, and gastrointestinal (GI) functions designed to conserve pe...

show abstract

“…Important brainstem cardiorespiratory control areas, such as the caudal pressor area (CPA), nucleus tractus solitaries (NTS), rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), and peribrachial regions, all show increased Fos labeling during voluntary diving compared with swimming 25 . Neurons in chemosensitive regions of the brainstem express Fos after long duration forced dives …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response

McCulloch

2014

JoVE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Underwater submergence produces autonomic changes that are observed in virtually all diving animals. This reflexly-induced response consists of apnea, a parasympathetically-induced bradycardia and a sympathetically-induced alteration of vascular resistance that maintains blood flow to the heart, brain and exercising muscles. While many of the metabolic and cardiorespiratory aspects of the diving response have been studied in marine animals, investigations of the central integrative aspects of this brainstem reflex have been relatively lacking. Because the physiology and neuroanatomy of the rat are well characterized, the rat can be used to help ascertain the central pathways of the mammalian diving response. Detailed instructions are provided on how to train rats to swim and voluntarily dive underwater through a 5 m long Plexiglas maze. Considerations regarding tank design and procedure room requirements are also given. The behavioral training is conducted in such a way as to reduce the stressfulness that could otherwise be associated with forced underwater submergence, thus minimizing activation of central stress pathways. The training procedures are not technically difficult, but they can be time-consuming. Since behavioral training of animals can only provide a model to be used with other experimental techniques, examples of how voluntarily diving rats have been used in conjunction with other physiological and neuroanatomical research techniques, and how the basic training procedures may need to be modified to accommodate these techniques, are also provided. These experiments show that voluntarily diving rats exhibit the same cardiorespiratory changes typically seen in other diving animals. The ease with which rats can be trained to voluntarily dive underwater, and the already available data from rats collected in other neurophysiological studies, makes voluntarily diving rats a good behavioral model to be used in studies investigating the central aspects of the mammalian diving response. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at

show abstract

Activation of brainstem neurons by underwater diving in the rat

Cited by 34 publications

References 118 publications

The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus: a review of animal studies and the implications for cranial nerve function in humans

The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus: a review of animal studies and the implications for cranial nerve function in humans

C1 neurons: the body's EMTs

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About