Activation of astrocytes and expression of inflammatory cytokines in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate and discuss the activation of astrocytes and the expression of inflammatory cytokines in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Twenty Wistar rats were randomly divided into the normal control (n=10) and EAE group (n=10). The rats in the EAE group were injected intraperitoneally with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35–55 emulsion, and those in the control group were injected with the equivalent volume of normal saline. Wear neurological function scale was applied to evaluate the neurological functions of the rats, and the weight changes were recorded. At 21 days after immunization, hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to detect the histomorphology, and immunofluorescence was used to measure the activation conditions of the brain astrocytes. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were utilized to detect the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of inflammatory factors. The disease occurred in rats of the EAE group at 9 days after immunization, and the incidence rate was 80%. The Wear score of the rats in the EAE group was significantly increased compared with that in the control group (P<0.05). At 9 days after immunization, the weight of the rats in the EAE group was obviously lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The inflammatory lesion of rats in the EAE group mainly occurred in the region of brain parenchyma. The glial fibrillary acidic protein level in the brain sections of the rats in the EAE group was markedly elevated compared with that in control group. The mRNA and protein levels of interleukin-10 in the rat brain in EAE group were decreased notably (P<0.05), while those of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α were increased significantly (P<0.05). The significant increases in the activation level of astrocytes and inflammatory cytokine level have a close relationship with EAE progression.

Group A streptococcal antigen exposed rat model to investigate neurobehavioral and cardiac complications associated with post‐streptococcal autoimmune sequelae

“…Both Wistar and Lewis rats have been used to examine autoimmune diseases and behavioral changes. For example, Wistar rats have been used to investigate autoimmune diseases including spontaneous thyroiditis, 24 type II collagen‐induced arthritis, 25 autoimmune pancreatitis 26 and autoimmune encephalomyelitis, 27 and neurobehavioral changes such as anxiety, 28 epilepsy, 29 post‐traumatic stress 30 and complications of meningitis 31 . Lewis rats have been used to investigate experimental autoimmune encephalitis, 32 multiple sclerosis 33 .…”

c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase as a Therapeutic Target in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

“…Moreover, the effect of JNK inhibition on both GFAP and Iba1 fluorescence intensity was analyzed. GFAP is commonly used to determine activated astrocytes [ 51 , 52 ], whereas Iba1 is a marker for both macrophages and microglia [ 53 ]. Iba1 fluorescence intensity as well as morphological analysis have been used to determine macrophage/microglia reactivity [ 54 ].…”

Local autoimmune encephalomyelitis model in a rat brain with precise control over lesion placement

“…However, we did not observe these features in this study. Also, most of the studies and protocols suggest using rats of specific gender and strain, namely female Lewis or Dark Agouti rats, to obtain a replicable neurological deficit [5,14,16,17]. In contrary, we used less susceptible Wistar rat strain to diminish the adverse effects from overreactive disease development-a problem usually connected with relatively high mortality rate in EAE [18].…”