Activation of a Latent Respiratory Motor Pathway by Stimulation of Neurons in the Medullary Chemoreceptor Area of the Rat

Zhou, Shi; Castro-Moure, Federico; Goshgarian, Harry G.

doi:10.1006/exnr.2001.7740

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Both incomplete and compete hemisections, however, result in paralysis of the ipsilateral diaphragm. Interestingly, exposure of injured animals to a respiratory challenge (hypercapnia or hypoxia) amplifies contralateral phrenic activity and may induce phrenic motor activity ipsilateral to injury (Zhou et al, 2001). This induced response to challenge activates an otherwise latent pathway that can restore ipsilateral phrenic activity.…”

Section: Respiratory Dysfunction Following Experimental Cervical Scimentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiration following spinal cord injury: Evidence for human neuroplasticity

Hoh

Mercier

Hussey

et al. 2013

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

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Respiratory dysfunction is one of the most devastating consequences of cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) with impaired breathing being a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. However, there is mounting experimental and clinical evidence for moderate spontaneous respiratory recovery, or “plasticity”, after some spinal cord injuries. Pre-clinical models of respiratory dysfunction following SCI have demonstrated plasticity at neural and behavioral levels that result in progressive recovery of function. Temporal changes in respiration after human SCI have revealed some functional improvements suggesting plasticity paralleling that seen in experimental models – a concept that has been previously under-appreciated. While the extent of spontaneous recovery remains limited, it is possible that enhancing or facilitating neuroplastic mechanisms may have significant therapeutic potential. The next generation of treatment strategies for SCI and related respiratory dysfunction should aim to optimize these recovery processes of the injured spinal cord for lasting functional restoration.

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Section: Respiratory Dysfunction Following Experimental Cervical Scimentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiration following spinal cord injury: Evidence for human neuroplasticity

Hoh

Mercier

Hussey

et al. 2013

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

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“…In higher organisms, where neuronal networks are extremely complex, there is a lack of information as to whether stress can alter the information flow through alternative neuronal networks in a similar way. However, in rats and other animals the so-called “cross phrenic phenomenon” has been observed where a latent respiratory motor pathway is activated by hypoxia, mediating faster recovery from spinal injury (Zhou et al, 2001). Together these examples show the functional plasticity of neuronal circuits and how they can alter information processing in response to environmental stress.…”

Section: Neuronal Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuronal Responses to Physiological Stress

Kagias¹,

Nehammer²,

Pocock³

2012

Front. Gene.

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Physiological stress can be defined as any external or internal condition that challenges the homeostasis of a cell or an organism. It can be divided into three different aspects: environmental stress, intrinsic developmental stress, and aging. Throughout life all living organisms are challenged by changes in the environment. Fluctuations in oxygen levels, temperature, and redox state for example, trigger molecular events that enable an organism to adapt, survive, and reproduce. In addition to external stressors, organisms experience stress associated with morphogenesis and changes in inner chemistry during normal development. For example, conditions such as intrinsic hypoxia and oxidative stress, due to an increase in tissue mass, have to be confronted by developing embryos in order to complete their development. Finally, organisms face the challenge of stochastic accumulation of molecular damage during aging that results in decline and eventual death. Studies have shown that the nervous system plays a pivotal role in responding to stress. Neurons not only receive and process information from the environment but also actively respond to various stresses to promote survival. These responses include changes in the expression of molecules such as transcription factors and microRNAs that regulate stress resistance and adaptation. Moreover, both intrinsic and extrinsic stresses have a tremendous impact on neuronal development and maintenance with implications in many diseases. Here, we review the responses of neurons to various physiological stressors at the molecular and cellular level.

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“…In fact, either hypoxia (53)(54)(55) or hypercapnia (53,54,56) alone is sufficient to illicit the CPP. Studies now typically measure the amount of recovered activity in the phrenic nerve ipsilateral to hemisection, referred to as crossed phrenic activity (57).…”

Section: Activation Of the Crossed Phrenic Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Spinal Cord Injury on the Respiratory System: Basic Research and Current Clinical Treatment Options

Zimmer

Nantwi

Goshgarian

2007

The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine

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151

126

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Summary: Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to an impairment of the respiratory system. The more rostral the level of injury, the more likely the injury will affect ventilation. In fact, respiratory insufficiency is the number one cause of mortality and morbidity after SCI. This review highlights the progress that has been made in basic and clinical research, while noting the gaps in our knowledge. Basic research has focused on a hemisection injury model to examine methods aimed at improving respiratory function after SCI, but contusion injury models have also been used. Increasing synaptic plasticity, strengthening spared axonal pathways, and the disinhibition of phrenic motor neurons all result in the activation of a latent respiratory motor pathway that restores function to a previously paralyzed hemidiaphragm in animal models. Human clinical studies have revealed that respiratory function is negatively impacted by SCI. Respiratory muscle training regimens may improve inspiratory function after SCI, but more thorough and carefully designed studies are needed to adequately address this issue. Phrenic nerve and diaphragm pacing are options available to wean patients from standard mechanical ventilation. The techniques aimed at improving respiratory function in humans with SCI have both pros and cons, but having more options available to the clinician allows for more individualized treatment, resulting in better patient care. Despite significant progress in both basic and clinical research, there is still a significant gap in our understanding of the effect of SCI on the respiratory system.

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Activation of a Latent Respiratory Motor Pathway by Stimulation of Neurons in the Medullary Chemoreceptor Area of the Rat

Cited by 10 publications

References 38 publications

Respiration following spinal cord injury: Evidence for human neuroplasticity

Respiration following spinal cord injury: Evidence for human neuroplasticity

Neuronal Responses to Physiological Stress

Effect of Spinal Cord Injury on the Respiratory System: Basic Research and Current Clinical Treatment Options

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