Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase (AID) Deficiency Causes the Autosomal Recessive Form of the Hyper-IgM Syndrome (HIGM2)

Revy, Patrick; Muto, Taro; Lévy, Yves; Geissmann, Frédéric; Plebani, Alessandro; Sanal, Özden; Catalan, Nadia; Forveille, Monique; Dufourcq-Lagelouse, R; Gennery, Andrew R.; Tezcan, İlhan; Ersoy, F; Kayserili, Hülya; Ugazio, Alberto G.; Brousse, Nicole; Muramatsu, Masamichi; Notarangelo, Luigi D.; Kinoshita, Kazuo; Honjo, Tasuku; Fischer, Alain; Durandy, Anne

doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00079-9

Cited by 1,490 publications

(1,160 citation statements)

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“…The discovery of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) provided a clue to this problem [38][39][40] . It is now generally accepted that the deamination of cytidines into uracils by AID is the initiating event that allows the specific recruitment of factors involved in SHM, CSR or gene conversion 41 .…”

Section: Somatic Hypermutation and Dna Polymerasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA polymerases in adaptive immunity

Weill

Reynaud

2008

Nat Rev Immunol

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PrefaceTo cope with an unpredictable variety of potential pathogenic insults, the immune system must generate an enormous diversity of recognition structures, and it does so by making stepwise modifications of key genetic loci in each lymphoid cell. This proceeds through the action of lymphoid-specific proteins acting together with the general DNA-repair machinery of the cell. Strikingly, these general mechanisms are usually diverted from their normal functions, being used in rather atypical ways in order to privilege diversity over accuracy. In this Review, we focus on the contribution of a set of DNA polymerases discovered in the last decade to these unique DNA transactions.

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Section: Somatic Hypermutation and Dna Polymerasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA polymerases in adaptive immunity

Weill

Reynaud

2008

Nat Rev Immunol

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“…The diversification of immunoglobulin genes by activation‐induced deaminase (AID) is crucial for affinity maturation and effective adaptive immunity (Muramatsu et al , 2000; Revy et al , 2000). AID deaminates cytidine (dC) to uracil (dU) within the Ig variable (IgV) regions, triggering somatic hypermutation and, in some species including birds, gene conversion, a process by which the rearranged V gene recombines with upstream pseudogenes (Di Noia & Neuberger, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histone H3.3 promotes IgV gene diversification by enhancing formation of AID ‐accessible single‐stranded DNA

et al. 2016

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Immunoglobulin diversification is driven by activation‐induced deaminase (AID), which converts cytidine to uracil within the Ig variable (IgV) regions. Central to the recruitment of AID to the IgV genes are factors that regulate the generation of single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA), the enzymatic substrate of AID. Here, we report that chicken DT40 cells lacking variant histone H3.3 exhibit reduced IgV sequence diversification. We show that this results from impairment of the ability of AID to access the IgV genes due to reduced formation of ssDNA during IgV transcription. Loss of H3.3 also diminishes IgV R‐loop formation. However, reducing IgV R‐loops by RNase HI overexpression in wild‐type cells does not affect IgV diversification, showing that these structures are not necessary intermediates for AID access. Importantly, the reduction in the formation of AID‐accessible ssDNA in cells lacking H3.3 is independent of any effect on the level of transcription or the kinetics of RNAPII elongation, suggesting the presence of H3.3 in the nucleosomes of the IgV genes increases the chances of the IgV DNA becoming single‐stranded, thereby creating an effective AID substrate.

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“…Human and mouse B cells lacking AID appear to develop normally and respond to challenge with antigens; however, they fail to hypermutate their immunoglobulin V genes or undergo CSR 1,5 . CSR joins immunoglobulin switch regions by looping out and excision of intervening DNA.…”

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AID is required to initiate Nbs1/γ-H2AX focus formation and mutations at sites of class switching

Petersen

Casellas

Reina‐San‐Martin

et al. 2001

Nature

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Class switch recombination (CSR) is a region-specific DNA recombination reaction that replaces one immunoglobulin heavy-chain constant region (CH) gene with another. This enables a single variable (V) region gene to be used in conjunction with different downstream CH genes, each having a unique biological activity. The molecular mechanisms that mediate CSR have not been defined, but activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a putative RNA-editing enzyme, is required for this reaction 1 . Here we report that the Nijmegen breakage syndrome protein (Nbs1) and phosphorylated H2A histone family member X (γ-H2AX, also known as γ-H2afx), which facilitate DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair 2-4 , form nuclear foci at the CH region in the G1 phase of the cell cycle in cells undergoing CSR, and that switching is impaired in H2AX -/-mice. Localization of Nbs1 and γ-H2AX to the IgH locus during CSR is dependent on AID. In addition, AID is required for induction of switch region (Sμ)-specific DNA lesions that precede CSR. These results place AID function upstream of the DNA modifications that initiate CSR.Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to A.N. (andre_nussenzweig@nih.gov) or M.C.N. (nussen@mail.rockefeller.edu).. Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on Nature's website (http://www.nature.com). Competing interests statementThe authors declare that they have no competing financial interests. To determine whether DNA repair factors associate with DSBs at the switch regions, we first examined the intracellular localization of γ-H2AX, Nbs1, Rad51 and Brca1 in activated B cells by immunofluorescence. Brca1 and Rad51 are required for homologous recombination, the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex has been implicated in both homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), and γ-H2AX is critical for recruiting these repair factors to DSBs 6 and facilitates NHEJ in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 4 . All four proteins showed diffuse nuclear staining in most of the resting B cells from C57BL/6 wild-type mice. High local concentrations of these factors (nuclear foci) were detected in a very small percentage of cells (<5%), which increased significantly when the cells were stimulated to undergo CSR in vitro with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin (IL)-4 (Fig. 1a). After 3 days of stimulation, 37% of the B cells contained discrete Brca1 foci (12 ± 6 per cell) and 43% contained Rad51 foci (7 ± 3 per cell), consistent with previous results 7 ; the remaining cells exhibited a weak, diffuse pattern of nuclear staining (Fig. 1a). Many of the stimulated B cells also formed Nbs1 foci (32% contained, on average, 3 ± 2 per cell) and γ-H2AX foci (40% contained, on average, 4.5 ± 3 per cell). To determine which of these repair factors are co-localized in activated B cells, we performed two colour immunofluoresence experiments (Fig. 1b). Only 20% of the cells that contained Rad51 and Nbs1 (n = 687) or Brca1 and Nbs1 foci (n = 431) exhibited co-localization. In contrast, γ-H2AX foci co-localiz...

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Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase (AID) Deficiency Causes the Autosomal Recessive Form of the Hyper-IgM Syndrome (HIGM2)

Cited by 1,490 publications

References 70 publications

DNA polymerases in adaptive immunity

DNA polymerases in adaptive immunity

Histone H3.3 promotes IgV gene diversification by enhancing formation of AID ‐accessible single‐stranded DNA

AID is required to initiate Nbs1/γ-H2AX focus formation and mutations at sites of class switching

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