Activation by glucagon of glucose 6-phosphatase activity in the liver of the foetal guinea pig

Band, Geoffrey C.; Jones, C. T.

doi:10.1042/bst0080586

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…As discussed previously on the role of G-6-Pase on glycogenolysis (Fig. 2), glucagon has been shown to increase G-6-Pase expression and activity (3,4,82,95). Such upregulation of G-6-Pase should promote gluconeogenesis as well as glycogenolysis.…”

Section: Molecular Mechanism For Glucagon-mediated Glucose Regulationsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…G-6-P is then converted into glucose by glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase), increasing the glucose pool for hepatic output (47,50). In addition to activating the PKA-glycogen phosphorylase kinaseglycogen phosphorylase cascade, glucagon has been shown to increase G-6-Pase activity (3,4,82). Recent studies suggest that the upregulation of G-6-Pase by glucagon is at least partially due to increased transcription of the G-6-Pase gene in a PKA-dependent fashion involving peroxisome proliferator-activated re-ceptor-␥ coactivator-1 (PGC-1), a nuclear transcriptional factor coactivator (95).…”

Section: Molecular Mechanism For Glucagon-mediated Glucose Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glucagon and regulation of glucose metabolism

Jiang

Zhang

2003

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

715

562

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As a counterregulatory hormone for insulin, glucagon plays a critical role in maintaining glucose homeostasis in vivo in both animals and humans. To increase blood glucose, glucagon promotes hepatic glucose output by increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and by decreasing glycogenesis and glycolysis in a concerted fashion via multiple mechanisms. Compared with healthy subjects, diabetic patients and animals have abnormal secretion of not only insulin but also glucagon. Hyperglucagonemia and altered insulin-to-glucagon ratios play important roles in initiating and maintaining pathological hyperglycemic states. Not surprisingly, glucagon and glucagon receptor have been pursued extensively in recent years as potential targets for the therapeutic treatment of diabetes.

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Section: Molecular Mechanism For Glucagon-mediated Glucose Regulationsupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Molecular Mechanism For Glucagon-mediated Glucose Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucagon and regulation of glucose metabolism

Jiang

Zhang

2003

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

715

562

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“…Lipolysis releases glycerol from adipose tissues, which is a substrate for the production of glucose in the liver. In addition, accumulated cAMP induced by glucagon stimulates the expression of the genes for the key gluconeogenic enzymes PEPCK and glucose‐6‐phosphatase (G6Pase) (Band and Jones, 1980a, 1980b; Beale et al, 1984; Striffler et al, 1984; Iynedjian et al, 1985; Christ et al, 1988; Yoon et al, 2001) and suppresses expression of the genes for the key enzyme of the glucolytic pathway, namely, pyruvate kinase (Pilkis and Claus, 1991). As a result, it stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver.…”

Section: Indirect Autonomic Nerve Pathways Regulating Hepatic Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural connections between the hypothalamus and the liver

2004

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After receiving information from afferent nerves, the hypothalamus sends signals to peripheral organs, including the liver, to keep homeostasis. There are two ways for the hypothalamus to signal to the peripheral organs: by stimulating the autonomic nerves and by releasing hormones from the pituitary gland. In order to reveal the involvement of the autonomic nervous system in liver function, we focus in this study on autonomic nerves and neuroendocrine connections between the hypothalamus and the liver. The hypothalamus consists of three major areas: lateral, medial, and periventricular. Each area has some nuclei. There are two important nuclei and one area in the hypothalamus that send out the neural autonomic information to the peripheral organs: the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) in the medial area, the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), and the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) in the periventricular area. VMH sends sympathetic signals to the liver via the celiac ganglia, the LHA sends parasympathetic signals to the liver via the vagal nerve, and the PVN integrates information from other areas of the hypothalamus and sends both autonomic signals to the liver. As for the afferent nerves, there are two pathways: a vagal afferent and a dorsal afferent nerve pathway. Vagal afferent nerves are thought to play a role as sensors in the peripheral organs and to send signals to the brain, including the hypothalamus, via nodosa ganglia of the vagal nerve. On the other hand, dorsal afferent nerves are primary sensory nerves that send signals to the brain via lower thoracic dorsal root ganglia. In the liver, many nerves contain classical neurotransmitters (noradrenaline and acetylcholine) and neuropeptides (substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide, neurotensin, serotonin, and galanin). Their distribution in the liver is species-dependent. Some of these nerves are thought to be involved in the regulation of hepatic function as well as of hemodynamics. In addition to direct neural connections, the hypothalamus can affect metabolic functions by neuroendocrine connections: the hypothalamus-pancreas axis, the hypothalamus-adrenal axis, and the hypothalamus-pituitary axis. In the hypothalamus-pancreas axis, autonomic nerves release glucagon and insulin, which directly enter the liver and affect liver metabolism. In the hypothalamus-adrenal axis, autonomic nerves release catecholamines such as adrenaline and noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla, which also affects liver metabolism. In the hypothalamuspituitary axis, release of glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones is stimulated by pituitary hormones. Both groups of hormones modulate hepatic metabolism. Taken together, the hypothalamus controls liver functions by neural and neuroendocrine connections.

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Multifunctional Glucose-6-Phosphatase: A Critical Review

Nordlie

Sukalski

1985

The Enzymes of Biological Membranes

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Activation by glucagon of glucose 6-phosphatase activity in the liver of the foetal guinea pig

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Glucagon and regulation of glucose metabolism

Glucagon and regulation of glucose metabolism

Neural connections between the hypothalamus and the liver

Multifunctional Glucose-6-Phosphatase: A Critical Review

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