Activation analysis of coolant water in ITER blanket and divertor

A Critical Review of Radiolysis Issues in Water-Cooled Fission and Fusion Reactors: Part I, Assessment of Radiolysis Models

“…Although the neutron activated corrosion products (including dissolved ions) are not expected to significantly contribute to the radiolysis of water [28,37], they will contribute to the radiation fields in out-of-core areas that are not designed for the presence of such fields. Furthermore, the work of Yang et al [26] shows that the formation of 16 N 7 and 17 N 7 will produce significant out-of-core radiation fields, in spite of the short half-lives of those isotopes (7.13 s and 4.173 s, respectively), not unlike a BWR operating on hydrogen water chemistry (HWC), in which the isotopes of nitrogen are transferred to the steam phase as NH 3 because of the net reducing conditions induced by the added hydrogen. Under normal water conditions, the coolant is oxidizing, and the nitrogen isotopes that exist in the liquid phase as the oxyanions of nitrogen (NO 2 − , NO 3 − ), which are removed by the ion exchange columns.…”

“…In the case of the ITER, where no boiling is contemplated, the isotopes will remain in the liquid phase, regardless of the redox conditions in the PHTS, but their removal will depend critically upon their chemical forms. In any event, contact dose rates of less than 700 µSv/h upon shutdown for 1 h and 16.6 µSv/h upon shutdown for 12 days after 20 years of operation are anticipated [26]. These dose rates may be compared with the allowable dose rate of ionizing radiation in the United States from terrestrial sources of about 0.04 µSv/h (0.35 mSv/a) and are typical of those experienced by workers in the turbine hall of a typical BWR operating on hydrogen water chemistry.…”

Development and application of virtual nuclear power plant in digital society environment

“…Several advanced theories and methodologies are developed in SuperMC for better performance, such as integrated accurate irregular modeling, hybrid Monte Carlo and deterministic methods with transition region, and optimized spatial subdivision based on location prejudgment. The latest version of SuperMC can accomplish the transport calculation of n, γ, depletion and activation calculation and can be applied for criticality and shielding design of reactors, medical physics analysis, etc …”

“…The latest version of SuperMC can accomplish the transport calculation of n, γ, depletion and activation calculation and can be applied for criticality and shielding design of reactors, medical physics analysis, etc. [20][21][22][23][24][25] On the basis of the innovative safety approach, a reliability and probabilistic safety assessment software system RiskA has been developed. 26 Some method innovation has been accomplished, such as risk-informed reliability index determination method, new fast and accurate analysis algorithm series for plant scale large fault trees, and the public-oriented safety object evaluation model.…”

“…FUSION-V is a collaborative research platform, supporting collaborationbased research tasks management, cloud-based research such as co-design, intelligent analysis-based performance evaluation, and decision support. With FUSION-V, the accomplishment of 10+ ITER tasks were completed, [20][21][22][23][24]29,30,[35][36][37] including shielding design for hot cell and equatorial port cell, activation analysis of coolant water, neutronics analysis for bio-shield equatorial port plug, assessment of radiation maps in the building, creating ITER reference neutronics models, etc. 38 It firstly carried out dynamic simulation of radiation dose.…”