Activated Carbons Derived from Teak Sawdust-Hydrochars for Efficient Removal of Methylene Blue, Copper, and Cadmium from Aqueous Solution

Abstract

Recycling materials from waste has been considered one of the essential principles in the context of sustainable development. In this study, we used teak sawdust as the feedstock material to synthesize activated carbon (AC) samples and evaluated the application of these ACs in the adsorption of methylene blue (MB), Cd(II), and Cu(II). The sawdust was carbonized by a hydrothermal process, followed by chemical activation using K2CO3 or ZnCl2 in various weight ratios. The AC samples produced were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photon spectroscopy, and mass titration of acidic groups. The characterization results showed that the ACs did possess a high surface area and rich oxygen-containing functional groups. The adsorptive amounts of MB, Cd(II), and Cu(II) on ACs approximately increased with the concentration of the activating agent: when the weight ratio of the carbonaceous material to ZnCl2 reached 1.75, the maximum adsorption capacities for MB, Cd(II), and Cu(II) were achieved, and the values were 614, 208, and 182 mg/g, respectively. The level of oxygen-containing functional groups was identified as an important factor in determining the adsorptive amounts. While the electrostatic force was the primary pathway that led to the adsorption of the tested contaminants onto the AC, the complexation reaction was a vital mechanism responsible for the adsorptive interaction between ACs and Cu(II). The high adsorption capacity of the synthetic ACs for MB, Cd(II), and Cu(II) demonstrated in this study points out the potential application of biomass-residue-based adsorbents prepared via a coupled hydrothermal carbonization/chemical activation process in wastewater treatment.

Batch Study of Cadmium Biosorption by Carbon Dioxide Enriched Aphanothece sp. Dried Biomass

“…Dubinin-Radushkevich Constants q max (mg/g) b (L/mg) R 2 K F (mg/g(L/g) 1/n ) n R 2 q max (mol/g) E (kJ/mol) R 2 The Langmuir isotherm is a model based on the assumption that metal binding occurs at specific homogenous sites on the biosorbent surface. It can be expressed in linear Equation (5) [15,30] as follows:…”

“…Among of different sorbents, a recent study using wheat straw biochar and acid-treated biochar made from agricultural solid waste reported adsorption capacities of the cadmium ion (Cd 2+ ) of 30.65 and 74.63 mg/g, respectively [1]. Furthermore, activated carbon derived from teak sawdust hydrochars (prepared through hydrothermal carbonization and activation using K 2 CO 3 or ZnCl 2 ) resulted in maximum sorption capacities of 614, 208, and 182 mg/g of methylene blue, Cd 2+ , and Cu 2+ (concentration range of 50-900 mg/L), respectively [5].…”

Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon derived fromTectona grandissawdust via green route

“…The well‐developed porosity and consequent surface boost, with a surface area of 1270 m 2 /g, were preferably driven by the dehydration due to carbonization 52 . Flaky fragments at the magnification of 500 X were observed by Bardalai et al 60 The SEM micrograph finding reported by Nguyen et al 62 showed that the structure of activated carbon was not homogeneous. These characteristics were similar to the activated carbon synthesized in the present analysis.…”

Research on High-Value Utilization of Carbon Derived from Tobacco Waste in Supercapacitors

“…Therefore, how to recover tobacco stalks with high efficiency and high value has a certain practical significance. A variety of biomass or biological wastes, such as corn cob [ 2 ], orange peel [ 3 ], rice husks [ 4 ], goldenberry calyx [ 5 ], teak [ 6 ], wheat straw [ 7 ], shiitake substrate [ 8 ], waste tea [ 9 ], and jute fiber [ 10 ], were used to produce activated carbon materials.…”