Action-specific effects in a social context: Others' abilities influence perceived speed.

Witt, Jessica K.; Sugovic, Mila; Taylor, J. Eric T.

doi:10.1037/a0026261

Cited by 27 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…In another study, the computer's performance was not perfect and corresponded to the paddle size. Again, the paddle size did not affect the apparent ball speed (Witt, Sugovic, & Taylor, 2012). These four studies have revealed uniquely disconfirmatory predictions.…”

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confidence: 77%

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Action potential influences spatial perception: Evidence for genuine top-down effects on perception

Witt

2016

Psychon Bull Rev

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The action-specific account of spatial perception asserts that a perceiver's ability to perform an action, such as hitting a softball or walking up a hill, impacts the visual perception of the target object. Although much evidence is consistent with this claim, the evidence has been challenged as to whether perception is truly impacted, as opposed to the responses themselves. These challenges have recently been organized as six pitfalls that provide a framework with which to evaluate the empirical evidence. Four case studies of actionspecific effects are offered as evidence that meets the framework's high bar, and thus that demonstrates genuine perceptual effects. That action influences spatial perception is evidence that perceptual and action-related processes are intricately and bidirectionally linked.Keywords Embodied cognition . Spatial cognition . Visual perception . Action-specific perception No vision scientist would deny that a primary purpose of vision is action. But how vision best serves action has been continuously debated. For some, visual perception best serves action by being as geometrically accurate as possible. Given ambiguities in the visual information, the visual system makes underlying assumptions (known as priors or natural constraints) and unconscious inferences based on statistical regularities of the environment. These approaches fall under constructivist accounts. Action's role in constructivist approaches is primarily limited to being a motivation for why perception needs to achieve constancy (so that visual information can be successfully transformed into motor coordinates), but is not itself considered to be an influence for perception.Even for approaches to vision that place a greater emphasis on action, its role is limited. According to the ecological account, perception best serves action by being faithful to the visual information, without being supplemented with extraneous ideas (Gibson, 1979; see Witt & Riley, 2014, for extended discussion on the discrepencies between ecological and action-specific approaches). In situations in which the visual information is ambiguous, the perceiver can simply move around the object to accumulate more information until the information is unambiguous. For ecological accounts, action's role is relevant in gathering the necessary visual information, and action drives perception to actively select the information that is relevant for action, but action does not provide direct information for perception. As another example of an account that purportedly emphasizes action, the theory of two visual streams emphasizes both perception and action (Milner & Goodale, 1995). However, even this theory divorces perception from action by considering the two to be subserved by anatomically different pathways. Indeed, such theories refer to the ventral pathway as "vision for perception" and the dorsal pathway as "vision for action." Given that the processing in the dorsal stream is thought to be unconscious (Milner & Goodale, 2008), this theory emphas...

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confidence: 77%

“…When watching another human play, paddle size continues to influence the estimated ball speed (Witt, South, & Sugovic, 2014;Witt, Sugovic, & Taylor, 2012). When watching another person, the perceiver is theorized to simulate how the perceiver would do if placed in the actor's situation.…”

Section: Pitfall #1: Uniquely Disconfirmatory Predictionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Action potential influences spatial perception: Evidence for genuine top-down effects on perception

Witt

2016

Psychon Bull Rev

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“…As another empirical example, when playing a classic Pong game on a computer, participants perceive the speed of the virtual ball to be faster when using a smaller (vs. bigger) Psychological Research paddle and when they observe another use a smaller paddle, but not when observing a computer use a smaller paddle, even when the computer was error prone simulating human movement (Witt, Sugovic, & Taylor, 2012). Moreover, participants who first play the Pong game and then observe another play the game experience the speed of the virtual ball in terms of their own action capabilities (i.e., movement-effect memories).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Perceptually walking in another’s shoes: goals and memories constrain spatial perception

Vinson

Jordan

2015

Psychological Research

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Perceptual variables such as perceived distance contain information about future actions. Often our goals involve the integration of another's goals, such as lifting heavy objects together. The purpose of this study was to investigate how another's actions might influence one's own goal-oriented perceptions (i.e., verbal distance estimates). Using a within-subject paradigm, we replicated a well-known finding that carrying a weighted backpack results in larger distance estimates relative to not carrying a backpack. In a crucial second condition, this effect was reversed: distance estimates were significantly greater when not carrying a weighted backpack than when carrying a backpack. In this condition, participants provided distance estimates while wearing a weighted backpack during the first phase and then gave estimates while not wearing a backpack, but following an experimenter wearing a weighted backpack in the second phase. Three additional conditions systematically documented how the observation of another's actions influenced distance estimates.

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“…This concept is useful for explaining emergence of interpersonal interactions in team sports since the ability to perceive action possibilities for self in humans is complemented by their capacity to perceive another individual's affordances [22] and intentions [23]. As Gibson argued, the richest affordances are provided by interactions with others, since ‘behavior affords behavior’ (p135), signifying how the environment itself can also be perceived in relation to self and another person's abilities (see Witt et al [24], [25]). Accordingly, an ecological dynamics approach advocates that the interpersonal synergies [26] established between system agents in sports teams can emerge through the perception of shared affordances .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Relations and Skill Level Constrain Co-Adaptive Behaviors of Agents in Sports Teams

et al. 2014

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Similar to other complex systems in nature (e.g., a hunting pack, flocks of birds), sports teams have been modeled as social neurobiological systems in which interpersonal coordination tendencies of agents underpin team swarming behaviors. Swarming is seen as the result of agent co-adaptation to ecological constraints of performance environments by collectively perceiving specific possibilities for action (affordances for self and shared affordances). A major principle of invasion team sports assumed to promote effective performance is to outnumber the opposition (creation of numerical overloads) during different performance phases (attack and defense) in spatial regions adjacent to the ball. Such performance principles are assimilated by system agents through manipulation of numerical relations between teams during training in order to create artificially asymmetrical performance contexts to simulate overloaded and underloaded situations. Here we evaluated effects of different numerical relations differentiated by agent skill level, examining emergent inter-individual, intra- and inter-team coordination. Groups of association football players (national – NLP and regional-level – RLP) participated in small-sided and conditioned games in which numerical relations between system agents were manipulated (5v5, 5v4 and 5v3). Typical grouping tendencies in sports teams (major ranges, stretch indices, distances of team centers to goals and distances between the teams' opposing line-forces in specific team sectors) were recorded by plotting positional coordinates of individual agents through continuous GPS tracking. Results showed that creation of numerical asymmetries during training constrained agents' individual dominant regions, the underloaded teams' compactness and each team's relative position on-field, as well as distances between specific team sectors. We also observed how skill level impacted individual and team coordination tendencies. Data revealed emergence of co-adaptive behaviors between interacting neurobiological social system agents in the context of sport performance. Such observations have broader implications for training design involving manipulations of numerical relations between interacting members of social collectives.

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Action-specific effects in a social context: Others' abilities influence perceived speed.

Cited by 27 publications

References 67 publications

Action potential influences spatial perception: Evidence for genuine top-down effects on perception

Action potential influences spatial perception: Evidence for genuine top-down effects on perception

Perceptually walking in another’s shoes: goals and memories constrain spatial perception

Numerical Relations and Skill Level Constrain Co-Adaptive Behaviors of Agents in Sports Teams

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