Action potentials induce biomagnetic fields in carnivorous Venus flytrap plants

Fabricant, Anne; Iwata, Geoffrey Z.; Scherzer, Sönke; Bougas, Lykourgos; Rolfs, Katharina; Jodko-Władzińska, Anna; Voigt, Jens; Hedrich, Rainer; Budker, Dmitry

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81114-w

Cited by 35 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…For example, in case of mechanical damage, whether as slight as a needle prick or much more serious, such as cutting off a part of a leaf, an AP-like signal is always generated [ 28 , 208 , 209 ]. Also, the signal in the Dionea trapping leaf [ 58 ] is classified as an AP, as well as the signals induced in beans ( Vicia ) [ 53 ] and potatoes ( Solanum ) [ 210 ] by a temperature rise, which is commonly considered a typical VP-inducer.…”

Section: Parameters Of Distant Electrical Signals Induced By Different Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Heat-induced electrical reaction (ER): ( A ) the temperature dependence of the membrane potential of pumpkin cells [ 15 ]; ( B ) a heat-induced ER in wheat plants (unpublished data) and [Ca 2+ ]c dynamics at different stimulus temperatures [ 57 ]; ( C ) the dependence of the electrical signal (ES) generation probability on the degree of heating in the Venus flytrap [ 58 ]; ( D ) a hypothetical scheme of the generation of heat-induced ERs. Explanations provided in the text.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrical Signaling of Plants under Abiotic Stressors: Transmission of Stimulus-Specific Information

Mudrilov

Ladeynova

Grinberg

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Plants have developed complex systems of perception and signaling to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Electrical signaling is one of the most promising candidates for the regulatory mechanisms of the systemic functional response under the local action of various stimuli. Long-distance electrical signals of plants, such as action potential (AP), variation potential (VP), and systemic potential (SP), show specificities to types of inducing stimuli. The systemic response induced by a long-distance electrical signal, representing a change in the activity of a complex of molecular-physiological processes, includes a nonspecific component and a stimulus-specific component. This review discusses possible mechanisms for transmitting information about the nature of the stimulus and the formation of a specific systemic response with the participation of electrical signals induced by various abiotic factors.

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Section: Parameters Of Distant Electrical Signals Induced By Different Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Signaling of Plants under Abiotic Stressors: Transmission of Stimulus-Specific Information

Mudrilov

Ladeynova

Grinberg

et al. 2021

IJMS

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“…After the prey is digested by the secreted enzyme, the trap reopens for the next hunting. This rapid snaping behavior induced by mechanical stimulation is driven by the propagation of action potentials in the leaves [ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ], which results in a simultaneous expansion of the outer epidermis and a lower shrinkage of the inner epidermis Figure 3 a(ii). Though the underlying bio-mechanical principles are not yet fully understood [ 48 ], the snap-bulking instability Figure 3 a(iii) is involved in the trapping mechanics where an elaborate interplay between swelling/shrinking processes of the various tissue layers and the release of trap-internal prestress is involved [ 12 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ].…”

Section: Nastic Movements Of Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Thigmonastic movements in plants and actuation mechanisms. ( a ) Snapping/unsnapping of Venus flytrap (reproduced with permission from References [ 12 , 43 , 47 ]). ( b ) Enclosing/disclosing of sundew tentacles (reproduced with permission from Reference [ 52 ]).…”

Section: Figures Scheme and Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress on Plant-Inspired Soft Robotics with Hydrogel Building Blocks: Fabrication, Actuation and Application

Zhou

Zhang

et al. 2021

Micromachines

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Millions of years’ evolution has imparted life on earth with excellent environment adaptability. Of particular interest to scientists are some plants capable of macroscopically and reversibly altering their morphological and mechanical properties in response to external stimuli from the surrounding environment. These intriguing natural phenomena and underlying actuation mechanisms have provided important design guidance and principles for man-made soft robotic systems. Constructing bio-inspired soft robotic systems with effective actuation requires the efficient supply of mechanical energy generated from external inputs, such as temperature, light, and electricity. By combining bio-inspired designs with stimuli-responsive materials, various intelligent soft robotic systems that demonstrate promising and exciting results have been developed. As one of the building materials for soft robotics, hydrogels are gaining increasing attention owing to their advantageous properties, such as ultra-tunable modulus, high compliance, varying stimuli-responsiveness, good biocompatibility, and high transparency. In this review article, we summarize the recent progress on plant-inspired soft robotics assembled by stimuli-responsive hydrogels with a particular focus on their actuation mechanisms, fabrication, and application. Meanwhile, some critical challenges and problems associated with current hydrogel-based soft robotics are briefly introduced, and possible solutions are proposed. We expect that this review would provide elementary tutorial guidelines to audiences who are interested in the study on nature-inspired soft robotics, especially hydrogel-based intelligent soft robotic systems.

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“…2A) could be decomposed in to 6 phases (c.f. (Fabricant et al, 2021)): i) an initial fast depolarization phase to -60 mV which was followed by ii) a slower phase reaching the peak depolarization voltage of -20 mV. The depolarization phase is composed of iii) an initial fast component during which the membrane voltage repolarizes to -60 mV and iv) an initial lower component restoring the pre-stimulation voltage of -120 mV that merges with an even slower v) hyperpolarization phase that peaked at -130 mV.…”

Section: Ether Suppresses the Touch-induced Apmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ether Anesthetics Obstructs Touch-Induced Trigger Hair Calcium-Electrical Signals Preventing Excitation of The Venus Flytrap

Scherzer

Huang

Iosip

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Plants do not have neurons. Instead they operate transmembrane ion channels and can be electrically excited by physical and chemical clues. The Venus flytrap with its distinctive hapto-electric signaling is a prime example. When an insect collides with the trigger hairs emerging from the inner surface of the trap, the mechanical stimulus in the mechanosensory organ is translated into a calcium signal and an action potential (AP). Here we asked how a Ca 2+ wave and AP are initiated in the trigger hair and how these are fed into the systemic trap calcium-electric network. When the Dionaea muscipula trigger hair matures and develops hapto-electric excitability, the mechanosensitive anion channel DmMSL10 and voltage dependent SKOR type Shaker K + channel are expressed in the shear stress-sensitive podium, which interfaces with the flytrap’s prey capture and processing networks. In the excitable state, touch stimulation of the trigger hair first evokes a rise in the podium Ca 2+ , then the calcium signal together with an action potential, travel over the entire trap surface. Seeking the mechanisms that mediate touch-induced Ca 2+ transients in the mature trigger hairs, we show that OSCA1.7 and GLR3.6 type Ca 2+ channels and ACA2/10 Ca 2+ pumps are specifically expressed in the podium. In addition, we found that direct glutamate application to the trap evoked a propagating Ca 2+ and electrical event. Given that anesthetics affect K + channels and glutamate receptors in animal systems, we exposed flytraps to ether. An ether atmosphere suppressed the propagation of touch and glutamate-induced Ca 2+ and AP long-distance signaling, a response that was completely recovered when ether was replaced by fresh air. In line with ether targeting a calcium channel, so triggering a Ca 2+ activated anion channel, the AP amplitude declined before the electrical signal ceased completely. Ether in the mechanosensory organ neither prevented the touch induction of a calcium signal nor its post stimulus decay. This finding indicates that ether prevents the touch activated GLR3.6-expressing base of the trigger hair so exciting the capture organ.

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Action potentials induce biomagnetic fields in carnivorous Venus flytrap plants

Cited by 35 publications

References 31 publications

Electrical Signaling of Plants under Abiotic Stressors: Transmission of Stimulus-Specific Information

Electrical Signaling of Plants under Abiotic Stressors: Transmission of Stimulus-Specific Information

Recent Progress on Plant-Inspired Soft Robotics with Hydrogel Building Blocks: Fabrication, Actuation and Application

Ether Anesthetics Obstructs Touch-Induced Trigger Hair Calcium-Electrical Signals Preventing Excitation of The Venus Flytrap

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