Action of Xyloglucan Hydrolase within the Native Cell Wall Architecture and Its Effect on Cell Wall Extensibility in Azuki Bean Epicotyls

Kaku, Takashi; Tabuchi, Akira; Wakabayashi, Kazuyuki; Kamisaka, Seiichiro; Hoson, Takayuki

doi:10.1093/pcp/pcf004

Cited by 48 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…We have tackled this problem by taking into account the mechanical anisotropy that can arise from different organizations of cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall. However, various other molecules such as expansins (McQueen-Mason and Cosgrove, 1995;Cosgrove, 2000), xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (Antosiewicz et al, 1997;Campbell and Braam, 1999), xyloglucan hydrolase (Kaku et al, 2002) and yieldins (Okamoto-Nakazato et al, 2000a,b) are also known to alter the wall mechanical properties although the physical directionality of the effects has not been determined. To be biophysically persuasive, the action of the wall-modifying molecules, as well as any model of wall expansion that is based on biosynthetic addition of new material (Bartnicki-Garcia et al, 1989;Gierz and Bartnicki-Garcia, 2001), must include features that affect the directionality of cell wall yield in a manner that brings about the morphogenesis that is observable during cell growth.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An anisotropic-viscoplastic model of plant cell morphogenesis by tip growth

Dumais¹,

Shaw²,

Steele³

et al. 2006

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

178

201

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Plant cell morphogenesis depends critically on two processes: the deposition of new wall material at the cell surface and the mechanical deformation of this material by the stresses resulting from the cell's turgor pressure. We developed a model of plant cell morphogenesis that is a first attempt at integrating these two processes. The model is based on the theories of thin shells and anisotropic viscoplasticity. It includes three sets of equations that give the connection between wall stresses, wall strains and cell geometry. We present an algorithm to solve these equations numerically. Application of this simulation approach to the morphogenesis of tipgrowing cells illustrates how the viscoplastic properties of the cell wall affect the shape of the cell at steady state. The same simulation approach was also used to reproduce morphogenetic transients such as the initiation of tip growth and other non-steady changes in cell shape. Finally, we show that the mechanical anisotropy built into the model is required to account for observed patterns of wall expansion in plant cells.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An anisotropic-viscoplastic model of plant cell morphogenesis by tip growth

Dumais¹,

Shaw²,

Steele³

et al. 2006

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

178

201

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…High enzyme activities are probably related to dynamic modifications of cell wall structure at this stage of development. Recently, it was shown that xyloglucan could determine the mechanical properties of the cell wall in azuki bean epicotyls (Kaku et al, 2002). In addition, wall maturation in wheat seedlings is characterized by a decreased degree of Ara substitution in arabinoxylan (Obel et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification and Characterization of Enzymes Exhibiting β-d-Xylosidase Activities in Stem Tissues of Arabidopsis

et al. 2004

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This work describes the purification and characterization of enzymes that exhibit b-D-xylosidase activity in stem tissues of Arabidopsis. This is the first detailed investigation that concerns the characterization of catalytic properties and sequence identity of enzymes with b-D-xylosidase activities in a dicotyledonous plant. Three different enzymes, ARAf, XYL4, and XYL1 with apparent molecular masses of 75, 67, and 64 kD, respectively, were purified to homogeneity. ARAf was identified as a putative a-L-arabinofuranosidase, and XYL4 and XYL1 as putative b-D-xylosidases using matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization time of flight. ARAf belongs to family 51 and XYL4 and XYL1 to family 3 of glycoside hydrolases. ARAf and XYL1 have highest specificity for p-nitrophenyl-a-L-arabinofuranoside and XYL4 for p-nitrophenyl-b-D-xylopyranoside and natural substrates such as xylobiose and xylotetraose. XYL4 was shown to release mainly D-Xyl from oat spelt xylan, rye arabinoxylan, wheat arabinoxylan, and oligoarabinoxylans. ARAf and XYL1 can also release D-Xyl from these substrates but less efficiently than XYL4. Moreover, they can also release L-Ara from arabinoxylans and arabinan. Overall, the results indicate that XYL4 possesses enzymatic specificity characteristic for a b-D-xylosidase, while ARAf and XYL1 act as bifunctional a-L-arabinofuranosidase/b-D-xylosidases. Analysis of the activity of these three enzymes in stem tissues at different stages of development has shown that young stems possess the highest activities for all three enzymes in comparison to the activities of the enzymes present in stems at older stages of development. High enzyme activities are most likely related to the necessary modifications of cell wall structure occurring during plant growth. Plant cells are surrounded by an extracellular matrix known as the cell wall. The regulation of cell wall morphology and composition is important for the determination of cell size and shape, cellular interactions with the environment, mechanical resistance, and defense against pathogen attacks (Reiter, 2002). The cell wall is also involved in plant growth and development (Stolle-Smits et al., 1999;Obel et al., 2002). In addition, although cell walls consist mainly of polysaccharides broadly classified as celluloses, hemicelluloses, and pectins, their constitution varies, not only from plant to plant, but also in different tissues of the same plant (Heredia et al., 1995;Cosgrove, 1997;Popper and Fry, 2003). A coordinated series of biochemical processes occur during plant development resulting in the biosynthesis and degradation of cell wall components. Consequently, numerous enzymes must be implicated in these processes (Heredia et al., 1995;Cosgrove, 1997;Stolle-Smits et al., 1999;Obel et al., 2002;Reiter, 2002;Popper and Fry, 2003). However, to date, little information is available concerning such enzymes, their mode of action, and their physiological role. Increased research interest has focused on enzymes involved in the metabolism of hemicelluloses in ...

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“…The XTHs are proposed to function in cell wall biogenesis, cell wall loosening leading to cell expansion (Vissenberg et al, 2000;Kaku et al, 2002), and cell wall degradation (Redgwell and Fry, 1993;Antosiewicz et al, 1997). The XTH genes can also be induced by hormone and environmental stimuli (Rose et al, 2002).…”

Section: Cell Wall-related Genes With Expression Altered By (B-d-glc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Binding of Arabinogalactan Proteins by Yariv Phenylglycoside Triggers Wound-Like Responses in Arabidopsis Cell Cultures

Nothnagel

2004

Plant Physiology

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Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are cell wall proteoglycans and are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Classical AGPs and some nonclassical AGPs are predicted to have a glycosylphosphatidylinositol lipid anchor and have been suggested to be involved in cell-cell signaling. Yariv phenylglycoside is a synthetic probe that specifically binds to plant AGPs and has been used to study AGP functions. We treated Arabidopsis suspension cell cultures with Yariv phenylglycoside and observed decreased cell viability, increased cell wall apposition and cytoplasmic vesiculation, and induction of callose deposition. The induction of cell wall apposition and callose synthesis led us to hypothesize that Yariv binding of plant surface AGPs triggers wound-like responses. To study the effect of Yariv binding to plant surface AGPs and to further understand AGP functions, an Arabidopsis whole genome array was used to monitor the transcriptional modifications after Yariv treatment. By comparing the genes that are induced by Yariv treatment with genes whose expressions have been previously shown to be induced by other conditions, we conclude that the gene expression profile induced by Yariv phenylglycoside treatment is most similar to that of wound induction. It remains uncertain whether the Yariv phenylglycoside cross-linking of cell surface AGPs induces these genes through a specific AGP-based signaling mechanism or through a general mechanical perturbation of the cell surface.Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are widely distributed in plant species and are located at the plasma membrane and cell wall and in the media of cell cultures. These proteoglycans are typically composed of at least 90% carbohydrate by weight. The AGP core polypeptide is usually rich in Hyp, Ser, Thr, and Ala. Extended motifs comparable to those of extensins are not generally found in AGPs, although short stretches of Hyp alternating with Ala or Ser occur in many AGPs. The sugar moieties are composed of (1/3)-b-D-galactan backbones and (1/6)-b-D-galactan side chains with terminal sugars of Ara or GlcUA (Nothnagel, 1997). In the classical AGPs, the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized with a C-terminal hydrophobic sequence that is later replaced with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol lipid anchor in the mature protein (Gaspar et al., 2001). The Arabidopsis genome contains approximately 47 genes encoding AGP core polypeptides (Schultz et al., 2002).The abundance of AGP genes and the high degree of posttranslational modifications of AGPs suggest a high genome investment in the synthesis of AGPs, which indicates that these macromolecules have conserved and important roles in plants. Although several possible roles of AGPs have been suggested (MajewskaSawka and Nothnagel, 2000), the detailed biological functions of AGPs currently remain unknown. Many experiments have demonstrated that the expression of AGPs is developmentally regulated in tissueand organ-specific manners (Majewska-Sawka and Nothnagel, 2000). Other experiments showed that AGPs are involved in s...

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Action of Xyloglucan Hydrolase within the Native Cell Wall Architecture and Its Effect on Cell Wall Extensibility in Azuki Bean Epicotyls

Cited by 48 publications

References 34 publications

An anisotropic-viscoplastic model of plant cell morphogenesis by tip growth

An anisotropic-viscoplastic model of plant cell morphogenesis by tip growth

Purification and Characterization of Enzymes Exhibiting β-d-Xylosidase Activities in Stem Tissues of Arabidopsis

Binding of Arabinogalactan Proteins by Yariv Phenylglycoside Triggers Wound-Like Responses in Arabidopsis Cell Cultures

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