Actinobacillosis

Summary Porcine pleuropneumonia, caused by the bacterial porcine respiratory tract pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, leads to high economic losses in affected swine herds in most countries of the world. Pigs affected by peracute and acute disease suffer from severe respiratory distress with high lethality. The agent was first described in 1957 and, since then, knowledge about the pathogen itself, and its interactions with the host, has increased continuously. This is, in part, due to the fact that experimental infections can be studied in the natural host. However, the fact that most commercial pigs are colonized by this pathogen has hampered the applicability of knowledge gained under experimental conditions. In addition, several factors are involved in development of disease, and these have often been studied individually. In a DISCONTOOLS initiative, members from science, industry and clinics exchanged their expertise and empirical observations and identified the major gaps in knowledge. This review sums up published results and expert opinions, within the fields of pathogenesis, epidemiology, transmission, immune response to infection, as well as the main means of prevention, detection and control. The gaps that still remain to be filled are highlighted, and present as well as future challenges in the control of this disease are addressed.

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“…App hfq mutant was attenuated for virulence in G. mellonella (Pereira et al, 2015). These results suggest that the App-G. (Gottschalk, 2012).…”

Section: Experimental Dual Infections With Swine Influenza Virus (Sivmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…The incubation period preceding appearance of clinical signs of App infection can be extremely variable. It can be as short as 12 hrs, especially under the influence of stress factors such as mixing, moving or weaning, and the first cases of death can be observed as early as 24 hrs after infection (Gottschalk, ).…”

Section: Disease Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Update onActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-knowledge, gaps and challenges

Sassu

Bossé

Tobias

et al. 2017

Transbound Emerg Dis

144

178

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“…Cross reactions between serovars 1, 9 and 11, serovars 3, 6 and 8, and serovars 4 and 7 have been reported, which make serotyping rather difficult (Mittal et al, 1988;Zhou et al, 2008). Most conventional herds are infected with one or more serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae, but in several cases only strains of low virulence are present (Gottschalk, 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The frequency of the different serotypes and biotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae shows great geographical differences. Serotype 2 strains of A. pleuropneumoniae, which are dominant in Europe, produce two different exotoxins, while serotype 2 strains isolated in North America and Canada produce only one toxin (Gottschalk, 2012). Serotypes 2, 4 and 7 are the most common in Spain (Maldonado et al, 2009) and serotype 2 is the most frequent in Switzerland (Stärk et al, 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes in Hungary

Sárközi

Makrai

Fodor

2018

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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A total of 255 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates were collected from 634 lung samples representing 70 swine herds in Hungary between January 2012 and June 2016. On the basis of the indirect haemagglutination test 77 independent strains were included in the evaluation after the elimination of duplicate or multiple serotypes from the same herd. In the case of 7 herds strains of two different serotypes were identified. Fourteen Hungarian A. pleuropneumoniae isolates from the culture collection of the Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, isolated before 2012, were also included in the evaluation (one each from 12 herds and two each from two herds, where two serotypes occurred). Out of the altogether 91 A. pleuropneumoniae strains 72 strains belonged to biotype I and 19 strains could be allocated to biotype II. In Hungary, the most common serotypes were serotype 2 (39.5%), 13 (15.4%), 8 (8.8%) and 16 (8.8%), but serotypes 9 (5.5%), 11 (3.3%) and 12 (3.3%) were also isolated. Twelve strains (13.2%) were untypable.

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“…A. pleuropneumoniae is distributed worldwide and considered a primary pathogen that can cause severe respiratory disease. It affects the animal’s welfare due to peracute to chronic diseases, including severe fibrino-haemorrhagic and necrotizing pleuropneumonia with an increase in mortality [ 1 , 2 ]. Therefore, it leads to severe economic losses in the pig industry which are due to the loss of animals, and costs of disease treatment as well as reduced performance during the chronic course of disease resulting in a prolonged fattening period of the animals [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-organ spreading of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 7 in weaned pigs during the first week after experimental infection

Hoeltig

Rohde

Frase

et al. 2018

Vet Res

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Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae is normally considered strictly adapted to the respiratory tract of swine. Despite this, scattered case reports of arthritis, osteomyelitis, hepatitis, meningitis or nephritis exist, in which A. pleuropneumoniae remained the only detectable pathogen. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether spreading to other organs than the lungs is incidental or may occur more frequently. For this, organ samples (blood, liver, spleen, kidney, tarsal and carpal joints, meninges, pleural and pericardial fluids) from weaners (n = 47) infected experimentally with A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 7 by aerosol infection (infection dose: 10.9 × 103 cfu/animal) were examined by culture during the first week after infection. In addition, tissue samples of eight weaners were examined by histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). A. pleuropneumoniae was isolated in all examined sample sites (86.7% pleural fluids, 73.3% pericardial fluids, 50.0% blood, 61.7% liver, 51.1% spleen, 55.3% kidney, 14.9% tarsal joints, 12.8% carpal joints, 27.7% meninges). These results were also obtained from animals with only mild clinical symptoms. IHC detection confirmed these findings in all locations except carpal joints. Histological examination revealed purulent hepatitis (n = 2), nephritis (n = 1) and beginning meningitis (n = 2). Isolation results were significantly correlated (p < 0.001) with the degree of lung colonization and, to a lower extent, with the severity of disease. Detection of A. pleuropneumoniae in peripheral tissues was significantly correlated to spleen colonization. In conclusion, multi-organ spreading of A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 7 strain AP 76 seems to occur more frequently during acute infection following effective lung colonization than previously thought.

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Actinobacillosis

Cited by 61 publications

References 135 publications

Update onActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-knowledge, gaps and challenges

Update onActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-knowledge, gaps and challenges

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes in Hungary

Multi-organ spreading of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 7 in weaned pigs during the first week after experimental infection

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