Acting without seeing: eye movements reveal visual processing without awareness

Spering, Miriam; Carrasco, Marisa

doi:10.1016/j.tins.2015.02.002

Cited by 117 publications

(103 citation statements)

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“…Curious dissociations can occur, suggestive of independent sensory pathways (Spering and Carrasco 2015). However, perception-action correlations have proven equally informative.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the one hand, there are known dissociations between explicit perception and oculomotor control, cases in which eye movements respond differently to visual input than perceptual reports do (Spering and Carrasco 2015). Oculomotor freezing could be another such case: the rapid, reflexive inhibition of tiny involuntary eye movements could well be dissociated from the sluggish and selective phenomenon of perceptual awareness (the presumed basis of explicit perceptual reports).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Oculomotor inhibition covaries with conscious detection

White

Rolfs

2016

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…Curious dissociations can occur, suggestive of independent sensory pathways (Spering and Carrasco 2015). However, perception-action correlations have proven equally informative.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Oculomotor inhibition covaries with conscious detection

White

Rolfs

2016

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…In this study, the four eye metrics were selected because Spering and Carrasco [29] claimed that eye movements are associated with brain activities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Learner’s Concentration in Distance Learning System with Multiple Biological Information

Daniel¹,

Kamioka²

2017

JCC

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The trend of distance learning education has increased year by year because of the rapid advancement of information and communication technologies. Distance learning system can be regarded as one of ubiquitous computing applications since the learners can study anywhere even in mobile environments. However, the instructor cannot know if the learners comprehend the lecture or not since each learner is physically isolated. Therefore, a framework which detects the learners' concentration condition is required. If a distance learning system obtains the information that many learners are not concentrated on the class due to the incomprehensible lecture style, the instructor can perceive it through the system and change the presentation strategy. This is a contextaware technology which is widely used for ubiquitous computing services. In this paper, an efficient distance learning system, which accurately detects learners' concentration condition during a class, is proposed. The proposed system uses multiple biological information which are learners' eye movement metrics, i.e. fixation counts, fixation rate, fixation duration and average saccade length obtained by an eye tracking system. The learners' concentration condition is classified by using machine learning techniques. The proposed system has performed the detection accuracy of 90.7% when Multilayer Perceptron is used as a classifier. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed eye metrics has been confirmed. Furthermore, it has been clarified that the fixation duration is the most important eye metric among the four metrics based on the investigation of evaluation experiment.

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“…Crowding also shows neural correlates in area V1 (28)(29)(30), although stronger links have been proposed with cortical area V2 (31), and neural modulations have been found as high as area V4 (32) and beyond (33). Distinct neural correlates are perhaps more clear in the case of saccadic eye movements, which likely rely on a distinct retino-collicular pathway to the cortex, unlike the geniculo-striate route taken by signals for perceptual localization (34).…”

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confidence: 99%

Variations in crowding, saccadic precision, and spatial localization reveal the shared topology of spatial vision

Greenwood

Szinte

Sayim

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Visual sensitivity varies across the visual field in several characteristic ways. For example, sensitivity declines sharply in peripheral (vs. foveal) vision and is typically worse in the upper (vs. lower) visual field. These variations can affect processes ranging from acuity and crowding (the deleterious effect of clutter on object recognition) to the precision of saccadic eye movements. Here we examine whether these variations can be attributed to a common source within the visual system. We first compared the size of crowding zones with the precision of saccades using an oriented clock target and two adjacent flanker elements. We report that both saccade precision and crowded-target reports vary idiosyncratically across the visual field with a strong correlation across tasks for all participants. Nevertheless, both group-level and trial-by-trial analyses reveal dissociations that exclude a common representation for the two processes. We therefore compared crowding with two measures of spatial localization: Landolt-C gap resolution and three-dot bisection. Here we observe similar idiosyncratic variations with strong interparticipant correlations across tasks despite considerably finer precision. Hierarchical regression analyses further show that variations in spatial precision account for much of the variation in crowding, including the correlation between crowding and saccades. Altogether, we demonstrate that crowding, spatial localization, and saccadic precision show clear dissociations, indicative of independent spatial representations, whilst nonetheless sharing idiosyncratic variations in spatial topology. We propose that these topological idiosyncrasies are established early in the visual system and inherited throughout later stages to affect a range of higher-level representations.O ur sensitivity to visual stimuli varies substantially across the visual field with characteristic patterns that are evident across a wide range of tasks. Most notably, our ability to see fine detail decreases sharply as objects move into peripheral vision (1). These abilities are further disrupted by crowding, the impairment of object recognition in clutter, which also increases with eccentricity (2, 3). Both of these effects have been attributed to an overrepresentation of the fovea at the expense of peripheral vision, known as "cortical magnification" (4, 5), which has been observed in a range of retinotopically organized areas of the brain (6, 7). Here we ask whether other variations in visual sensitivity can similarly be attributed to topological principles within the visual system and consider whether these variations might share a common source.Variations across the visual field are particularly apparent with crowding, a process that presents the fundamental limitation on object recognition in peripheral vision (8). Crowding disrupts the recognition of a target object when flanker objects fall within a surrounding "interference zone." As well as increasing in size with eccentricity, these zones show an elliptical shap...

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Acting without seeing: eye movements reveal visual processing without awareness

Cited by 117 publications

References 100 publications

Oculomotor inhibition covaries with conscious detection

Oculomotor inhibition covaries with conscious detection

Detection of Learner’s Concentration in Distance Learning System with Multiple Biological Information

Variations in crowding, saccadic precision, and spatial localization reveal the shared topology of spatial vision

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