“…One that has received particular attention is the question of which branch makes U. S. foreign policy. 8 Although many studies show that Congress has become more active, assertive, and aggressive in U.S. foreign policy making since Vietnam (Franck & Weisband, 1979;Sundquist, 1980;Ripley & Lindsay, 1993;Scott & Carter, 2002), the large picture is that interbranch relations have rather been "fluid and dynamic, with neither Congress nor the president always predominant" (Rosati & Scott, 2007, 313). Many other studies confirm Rosati and Scott's (2007) judgment that Congress has long played an important role in Some argue that Congress prevails (Cutler, 1980;Szamuely, 1987;Jones & Marini, 1988;Crovitz & Rabkin, 1989;Cheney 1990), while others argue that Congress has lost its willpower in the competition with the President, especially in the foreign policy decision making process (Schlesinger, 1973;Berkowitz, Bock, & Fuccillo, 1977;Koh, 1988;Hinckley, 1994;Peterson, 1994b;Peterson, 1994c;Weissman, 1995;Wolfensberger, 2002;Ornstein & Mann, 2006;Ohaegbulam, 2007;Fisher, 2008;Cooper, 2009;Hansen & Friedman, 2009).…”