Actin protein up-regulated upon infection and development of the filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti (Spirurida: Onchocercidae), in the vector mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Kumar, B. A.; Paily, K. P.

doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2007.08.012

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The expression fold increase of actin-1 in Anopheles gambiae was found to be 4.85 and 4.09 for Culex quinquefasciatus as compared to the controls. These values indicate that the expression of actin-1 is upregulated in Culex quinquefasciatus which agrees with other reported upregulation of actin-1 protein upon infection and development of the filarial parasites within their vectors [ 12 ]. Actin-1 expression in Anopheles gambiae was 0.7526 more than that of Culex quinquefasciatus which may be as a result of the fact that Anopheles species are the predominant vectors in the study area and they have adapted to ameliorating the effect of parasite infection via various mechanisms which include melanisation, encapsulation, and phagocytosis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In the vector-parasite interaction and among other proteins, actin-1 has been implicated for successful transmission of the pathogen. Actin-1 is an extracellular pathogen recognition factor that mediates antibacterial defense [ 12 ]. Insect actin-1 is secreted from cells upon immune challenge through an exosome-independent pathway, and it binds to the surfaces of bacteria, mediating their phagocytosis and direct killing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The humoral defense proteins of Cx. quinquefasciatus have been elucidated in a laboratory-controlled experiment, during which five proteins were upregulated with a molecular weight of 66, 22, 14, 7, and 40 kDa for transferrin, attacin, lysozyme, defensin, and actin, respectively [ 12 ], of which actin which was referred to actin-1 during the primer design [ 13 ] is the most critical to parasite infection and development. These proteins are part of the vectors' immune complexes that evolved in response to their interactions with lifecycle stages of pathogens and function in a variety of intracellular processes aimed at ameliorating the cost of vectorial capacity [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Actin-1 Expression in Wild Caught Wuchereria bancrofti-Infected Mosquito Vectors

Entonu

Muhammad

Ndams

2020

Journal of Pathogens

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Background. Wuchereria bancrofti is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis transmitted by mosquito vectors. In the vector-parasite interaction and among other proteins, actin-1 has been implicated for successful transmission of the pathogen in laboratory-controlled experiments. However, validation of this finding from the pathogen’s natural environment is required. Objective. This study is aimed at evaluating actin-1 expression upon Wuchereria bancrofti infection in mosquito vectors collected during an epidemiology study in Tsafe Local Government Area of Zamfara State, Nigeria. Methods. Mosquitoes were collected and identified using morphological keys, which include length of maxillary palps, pale spots on the wings, and scale patterns on the abdomen. This was followed by detection of the 188 bp SspI marker of Wuchereria bancrofti infection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The mRNA levels of the actin-1 gene were evaluated in the infected Anopheles gambiae sl and Culex quinquefasciatus and their controls, which were adult reared from the larvae in the study area. Results. The mosquitoes were identified to be Anopheles gambiae sl and Culex quinquefasciatus, while infection by Wuchereria bancrofti was confirmed by amplification of the 188 bp SspI marker. A 4.85 and 4.09 relative fold increase in actin-1 gene expression in Wuchereria bancrofti-infected Anopheles gambiae sl and Culex quinquefasciatus was observed. Thus, for the first time we reported that the actin-1 gene in wild caught mosquito vectors (Anopheles gambiae sl and Culex quinquefasciatus) infected with Wuchereria bancrofti is upregulated. Conclusion. The actin-1 gene is upregulated and similarly expressed during W. bancrofti infection in mosquito vectors in the study area and this may likely serve as a biomarker and viable strategy for the control of parasite transmission in endemic areas.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Actin-1 Expression in Wild Caught Wuchereria bancrofti-Infected Mosquito Vectors

Entonu

Muhammad

Ndams

2020

Journal of Pathogens

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“…The interaction of An. gambiae actin 5C with the secreted immune factor AgMDL1 in addition to the infection-responsive expression of actin transcripts, and previous reports demonstrating the presence of actin in the mosquito hemolymph and the immune-challenged D. melanogaster larval hemolymph [ 8 , 9 ], lead us to investigate whether actin is secreted by immune competent insect cell lines upon immune challenge. A 24 hr exposure of An.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Proteomic analyses have detected actins in the hemocyte-containing hemolymph fractions of various mosquito species, and actin 5C was specifically identified in the hemolymph of D. melanogaster larvae that had been challenged with either Micrococcus luteus , Saccharomyces cerevisiae or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but not in hemolymph of naïve larvae. Challenge of D. melanogaster larvae with LPS for 4 hr resulted in a 10-fold increase of actin 5C in the hemolymph, while sterile injury did not lead to detectable amounts of the protein [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Actin has also been found in the supernatant fraction of HIV-infected human macrophage cells [ 11 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytoplasmic Actin Is an Extracellular Insect Immune Factor which Is Secreted upon Immune Challenge and Mediates Phagocytosis and Direct Killing of Bacteria, and Is a Plasmodium Antagonist

et al. 2015

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Actin is a highly versatile, abundant, and conserved protein, with functions in a variety of intracellular processes. Here, we describe a novel role for insect cytoplasmic actin as an extracellular pathogen recognition factor that mediates antibacterial defense. Insect actins are secreted from cells upon immune challenge through an exosome-independent pathway. Anopheles gambiae actin interacts with the extracellular MD2-like immune factor AgMDL1, and binds to the surfaces of bacteria, mediating their phagocytosis and direct killing. Globular and filamentous actins display distinct functions as extracellular immune factors, and mosquito actin is a Plasmodium infection antagonist.

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Proteome of Aedes aegypti in response to infection and coinfection with microsporidian parasites

Duncan

Agnew

Noël

et al. 2012

Ecology and Evolution

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Hosts are frequently infected with more than one parasite or pathogen at any one time, but little is known as to how they respond to multiple immune challenges compared to those involving single infections. We investigated the proteome of Aedes aegypti larvae following infection with either Edhazardia aedis or Vavraia culicis, and coinfections involving both. They are both obligate intracellular parasites belonging to the phylum microsporidia and infect natural populations of Ae. aegypti. The results found some proteins only showing modified abundance in response to infections involving E. aedis, while others were only differentially abundant when infections involved V. culicis. Some proteins only responded with modified abundance to the coinfection condition, while others were differentially abundant in response to all three types of infection. As time since infection increased, the response to each of the single parasite infections diverged, while the response to the E. aedis and coinfection treatments converged. Some of the proteins differentially abundant in response to infection were identified. They included two vacuolar ATPases, proteins known to have a role in determining the infection success of intracellular parasites. This result suggests microsporidia could influence the infection success of other intracellular pathogens infecting vector species of mosquito, including viruses, Plasmodium and Wolbachia.

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Actin protein up-regulated upon infection and development of the filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti (Spirurida: Onchocercidae), in the vector mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Cited by 7 publications

References 23 publications

Evaluation of Actin-1 Expression in Wild Caught Wuchereria bancrofti-Infected Mosquito Vectors

Evaluation of Actin-1 Expression in Wild Caught Wuchereria bancrofti-Infected Mosquito Vectors

Cytoplasmic Actin Is an Extracellular Insect Immune Factor which Is Secreted upon Immune Challenge and Mediates Phagocytosis and Direct Killing of Bacteria, and Is a Plasmodium Antagonist

Proteome of Aedes aegypti in response to infection and coinfection with microsporidian parasites

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