ACSM Position Stand: The Recommended Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Fitness, and Flexibility in Healthy Adults

Pollock, Michael L.; Gaesser, Glenn A.; Butcher, Janus D.; Després, Jean; Dishman, Rod K.; Franklin, Barry A.; Garber, Carol Ewing

doi:10.1097/00005768-199806000-00032

Cited by 1,768 publications

(755 citation statements)

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“…According to the ACSM guidelines, a training intensity is prescribed as a range 5 ; for example, training hard within 60-85% HRR or VO 2 R. With an estimated training intensity of 72% HRR or VO 2 R and an SEE of 6%VO 2 R, it can be assumed with 95% confidence that the actual training intensity is between 60 and 84%. Therefore, in our opinion, an SEE of 76%VO 2 R is acceptable as it keeps training intensity within the required range.…”

Section: Strength Of the Hr-vo 2 Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In persons with a spinal cord injury (SCI), HR has also been used to prescribe training intensity, 1 as well as to indicate physical strain in daily activities. [2][3][4] The guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) for training of able-bodied persons -50-85% heart rate reserve (HRR) 5 -have also been applied in training studies with persons with paraplegia (PP) 6 as well as tetraplegia (TP). 7,8 These guidelines may be valid for persons with PP, as several studies [9][10][11][12][13][14] showed a strong individual linear HR-VO 2 relationship in persons with PP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The individual relationship between heart rate and oxygen uptake in people with a tetraplegia during exercise

et al. 2006

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Study design: Descriptive study. Objective: To examine the individual heart rate-oxygen uptake (HR-VO 2 ) relationship during exercise in persons with tetraplegia (TP). Setting: Rehabilitation Centre Heliomare, Wijk aan Zee, The Netherlands. Methods: The HR-VO 2 relationship was determined in untrained subjects with motor complete TP (C5 or C6, n ¼ 10 and C7 or C8, n ¼ 10) during a discontinuous graded exercise hand cycle test. The mean HR and VO 2 of the final 60 s of 2-min exercise blocks were used for calculation of the individual correlation coefficient and the standard error of the estimate (SEE). Results: Two subjects of the C5-C6 group were not able to complete the test. Individual Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) ranged from 0.68 to 0.97 and SEE from 2.6 to 22.4% VO 2 -Reserve (VO 2 R). The mean Pearson's r and SEE were 0.8170.12 and 10.675.6% VO 2 R in the C5-C6 group and 0.9170.07 and 7.073.2% VO 2 R in the C7-C8 group, respectively. Two subjects of the C5-C6 group and six subjects of the C7-C8 group attained a linear HR-VO 2 relationship with an acceptable SEE (p6.0%) and r (40.90). Conclusions: The HR-VO 2 relationship appeared linear in only eight out of 18 subjects. An individual analysis of the HR-VO 2 relationship is necessary to determine whether HR can be used to quantify exercise intensity. The use of HR to prescribe training intensity should be reconsidered in persons with TP. Sponsorship: This study is supported from a grant by ZON-MW.

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Section: Strength Of the Hr-vo 2 Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The individual relationship between heart rate and oxygen uptake in people with a tetraplegia during exercise

et al. 2006

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“…Progressive resistance training (PRT) has been shown to reduce adiposity, reduce insulin resistance and improve glycemic control in adults [5][6][7] and forms an integral component of many adult exercise programs, with its importance recognized by its addition to the current American College of Sports Medicine position stand 8 on the type, quantity and quality of exercises to be prescribed for adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of high-intensity progressive resistance training on adiposity in children: a randomized controlled trial

2008

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Background: High-intensity progressive resistance training (PRT) improves adiposity and metabolic risk in adults, but has not been investigated in children within a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Objective: We hypothesized that high-intensity PRT (8 weeks, twice a week) would decrease central adiposity in children, as assessed via waist circumference. Methods Design/Setting/Participants: Concealed randomization stratified by age and gender was used to allocate rural New Zealand school students to the wait-list control or PRT group. Intervention: Participants were prescribed two sets (eight repetitions per set) of 11 exercises targeting all the major muscle groups at high intensity. Primary Outcome: Waist circumference; secondary outcomes included whole body fat, muscular fitness (one repetition maximum), cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen consumption during a treadmill test), lipids, insulin sensitivity and fasting glucose. Results: Of the 78 children (32 girls and 46 boys; mean age 12.2(1.3) years), 51% were either overweight (33%) or obese (18%). High-intensity PRT significantly improved waist circumference (mean change PRT À0.8 (2.2) cm vs þ 0.5 (1.7) cm control; F ¼ 7.59, P ¼ 0.008), fat mass (mean change PRT þ 0.2 (1.4) kg vs þ 1.0 (1.2) kg control; F ¼ 6.00, P ¼ 0.017), percent body fat (mean change PRT -0.3 (1.8)% vs þ 1.2 (2.1)% control; F ¼ 9.04, P ¼ 0.004), body mass index (mean change PRT À0.01 (0.8) kg m À2 vs þ 0.4 (0.7) kg m À2 control; F ¼ 6.02, P ¼ 0.017), upper body strength (mean change PRT þ 11.6(6.1) kg vs þ 2.9(3.7) kg control; F ¼ 48.6, Po0.001) and lower body strength (mean change PRT þ 42.9(26.6) kg vs þ 28.5(26.6) kg control; F ¼ 4.72, P ¼ 0.034) compared to the control group. Waist circumference decreased the most in those with the greatest baseline relative strength (r ¼ À0.257, P ¼ 0.036), and greatest relative (r ¼ À0.400, P ¼ 0.001) and absolute (r ¼ 0.340, P ¼ 0.006) strength gains during the intervention. Conclusion: Isolated high-intensity PRT significantly improves central and whole body adiposity in association with muscle strength in normal-weight and overweight children. The clinical relevance and sustainability of these changes in adiposity should be addressed in future long-term studies.

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“…A substantial body of literature has established that participating in regular physical activity can positively improve bone mineral status (3,4) . The advantage of exercise over methods such as dietary intervention is that it increases the skeleton's resistance to fracture by improving and maintaining both BMD and neuromuscular competency, thus reducing both skeletal fragility and predisposition to falls (4) .Exercise recommendations for cardiovascular fitness have already been precisely defined (5) , but it is unlikely that the same exercise prescription applies to cardiovascular health and skeletal health, and to both pre-and post-menopausal women. Bone's response to exercise differs across the lifespan according to the age and health of the individual (6) , yet in the past research has focused predominantly on post-menopausal women and studies involving premenopausal women are sparser.…”

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confidence: 99%

Exercise for optimising peak bone mass in women

Bailey

Brooke‐Wavell

2008

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Physical activity is one of the major non-pharmacological methods for increasing and maintaining bone mineral density (BMD) and geometry. As such, it has an important role in maintaining peak bone mass and strength, thus reducing the risk of future osteoporotic fracture. However, not all exercise is effective, so a prescription in terms of optimal type, intensity, frequency and duration is required. Studies using animal models suggest that loading that is high in magnitude, rapidly applied and novel is most effective, whilst duration is less important beyond a threshold number of cycles. In human subjects cross-sectional studies comparing different athletic populations suggest that those who participate in high-or odd-impact sports have higher BMD; whilst impact exercise, strength training and brief high-impact-jump training interventions increase BMD in premenopausal women. In order to further elucidate exercise recommendations to optimise bone health in this population, the usefulness of brief high-impact unilateral exercises has been evaluated. Brief hopping exercises were shown to be feasible for sedentary premenopausal women, producing ground-reaction forces as high as those from jumping. Regularly performing these hopping exercises over 6 months was found to increase femoral-neck BMD of the trained leg relative to the control leg. Unilateral high-impact exercise may therefore improve bone strength of the trained limb and provide a useful model for comparing exercise prescriptions to help define the most efficient and effective exercise recommendations for the bone health of premenopausal women. Exercise: Bone mineral density: Premenopausal womenOsteoporosis is a condition of skeletal fragility whereby depleted bone mass and compromised bone structure weaken bone to such an extent that fractures occur from minimal trauma. The disease is a major public health problem with great social and economic importance. One in five men and one in two women in the UK > 50 years of age will suffer an osteoporosis-related fracture in their lifetime (1) and the annual cost for all fractures is £1 . 5 · 10 9(2) .Two mechanisms that principally determine adult bone health are peak bone mineral density (BMD) at skeletal maturity and the rate of bone loss with advancing age; thus, maximising premenopausal BMD is a critical strategy for the prevention of osteoporosis and resultant fractures later in life. A substantial body of literature has established that participating in regular physical activity can positively improve bone mineral status (3,4) . The advantage of exercise over methods such as dietary intervention is that it increases the skeleton's resistance to fracture by improving and maintaining both BMD and neuromuscular competency, thus reducing both skeletal fragility and predisposition to falls (4) .Exercise recommendations for cardiovascular fitness have already been precisely defined (5) , but it is unlikely that the same exercise prescription applies to cardiovascular health and skeletal health, and to both pre-a...

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ACSM Position Stand: The Recommended Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Fitness, and Flexibility in Healthy Adults

Cited by 1,768 publications

References 151 publications

The individual relationship between heart rate and oxygen uptake in people with a tetraplegia during exercise

The individual relationship between heart rate and oxygen uptake in people with a tetraplegia during exercise

The effect of high-intensity progressive resistance training on adiposity in children: a randomized controlled trial

Exercise for optimising peak bone mass in women

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