Acromioclavicular Joint Problems in Athletes and New Methods of Management

Modified Phemister procedure for the surgical treatment of Rockwood types III, IV, V acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation

“…Many different surgical techniques are reported in the literature for the AC joint repairing. Most of these involve open exposure of the joint and stabilization using different devices such as pins, hook plates, screws, dynamic stabilization with muscle or ligament transfers or retention of the joint using a CC (coracoclavicular) loop cerclage and direct repair of the CC ligaments [22].…”

Manual Physical Therapy for Injection-Confirmed Nonacute Acromioclavicular Joint Pain

“…9,55 However, evidence for these management strategies is lacking. 29 Injections of corticosteroids and/or anesthetic agents into the ACJ may also be used.…”

“…6,23,65 Functional limitations of ACJ pain include difficulty with resistance-training activities that place the glenohumeral joint in an extended position. 8,9,13,55 Current treatment of chronic ACJ pain can be surgical or nonsurgical. The operative approach, a distal clavicle excision (DCE), or "Mumford" procedure, is commonly performed.…”

Traumatic Shoulder Injuries: A Force Mechanism Analysis of Complex Injuries to the Shoulder Girdle and Proximal Humerus

“…The choice of treatment strategy relies in part on correct classification. Uncomplicated type I and II injuries can be treated conservatively with nonoperative management [11,12]. Type IV-VI injuries typically require operative management because of substantial dislocation and associated soft-tissue injuries [11,13,14].…”