Acremonium and trichosporon fungal keratoconjunctivitis in a Leopard Gecko (<i>Eublepharis macularius</i>)

Munevar, Christian; Moore, Bret A.; Gleeson, Molly; Ozawa, Sarah; Murphy, Christopher J.; Paul-Murphy, Joanne R; Leonard, Brian C.

doi:10.1111/vop.12700

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Rare reports describe capture of wild, seemingly healthy animals that subsequently developed bony lesions in their new, artificial environment (Jacobson, 2007). "Mouth rot" or tooth root infections have resulted in mandibular or maxillary osteomyelitis in modern crocodiles and lizards (Munevar et al, 2019;TCV, unpub. data).…”

Section: Clinical Diagnosis and Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

Heckert

Viner

Carrano

2021

Palaeontol Electron

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Phytosaurs were a widespread clade of Triassic predatory archosauriforms whose skull anatomy is well known, but whose paleobiology is underexplored. Here we report on a well-preserved specimen from Adamanian (early-mid-Norian) strata in Arizona that includes not only the skull and lower jaws but much of the postcranial skeleton, which exhibits extensive evidence of pathologies. This specimen has a complex taxonomic history, and we verify its referral to Smilosuchus gregorii based on multiple cranial characters.The shafts of eight limb bones preserve extensive exostoses-more paleopathological elements than in any other Triassic archosauromorph. These exostoses are often centered on cavitations reminiscent of draining tracts. Extensive, irregular, proliferative lesions have completely engulfed the left deltopectoral crest and thoroughly altered the architecture of both femora. The animal's presumed low metabolic rate would have allowed several months of lesion progression before it died of either nutritional deficiency or systemic infection. This is the fourth, and by far the most extensive, report of pathology in a phytosaur, and only the eighth in a non-dinosaurian Triassic archosauromorph.The character and location of the lesions evokes aspects of both osteomyelitis and hypertrophic osteopathy-though neither is fully consistent with the changes present, nor are these conditions well-explored in extant reptiles. The most likely cause of the pathologies exhibited here is osteomyelitis; indeed, this specimen bears more osteomyelitis-like paleopathological elements than any other fossil archosaur.

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Section: Clinical Diagnosis and Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

Heckert

Viner

Carrano

2021

Palaeontol Electron

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“…It was positively resolved by topical treatment of 1% VRC 139 . The same treatment approach was used on a leopard gecko with an ulcerative keratitis, but the animal's condition worsened and it died 140 . Regarding the case described in a horse, the condition was diagnosed as interstitial pneumonia due to the finding of mononuclear phagocytes with fungal organisms in the BAL fluid.…”

Section: Animal Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SarocladiumandAcremoniuminfections: New faces of an old opportunistic fungus

Pérez-Cantero

Guarro

2020

Mycoses

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The genera Sarocladium and Acremonium (order Hypocreales) are a very diverse group of morphologically and genetically related fungi that are generally found in the environment. Numerous species of these genera are soil saprobes and opportunistic pathogens of plants, other fungi, animals or humans. 1 They are distributed worldwide, and Acremonium isolates have even been found in rocks on continental Antarctica. 2 In addition, these fungi are very relevant in the clinical field, as they have been proven to be involved in a wide range of human conditions and manifestations. As will be discussed later, diagnosis and management of these infections are quite challenging, mostly due to the difficulties in the correct identification and to the poor antifungal response they generally show. As a matter of fact, Acremonium and Sarocladium species cannot be distinguished by histopathological examination from some other opportunistic fungi, such as Fusarium and its relatives; therefore, DNA sequence analysis is required. This review, based on an exhaustive literature search of the PubMed database, compiles and discusses the current knowledge of Sarocladium and Acremonium infections in terms of taxonomy, clinical presentations and prognoses, diagnosis, treatment, outcomes, antifungal susceptibility and their impact in animals.

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“…There have been a number of reports of cases of hypersensitivity pneumonia from Japan, and it appears likely that environmental factors, antigen exposure and the host's genetic predisposition can trigger this disease. On the other hand, endogenous translocation from the gastrointestinal microbiota and skin colonization followed by colonization (nearby) of, for example, a central venous catheter may play a role in the development of invasive trichosporonosis episodes [1,[3][4][5]31].…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The genus Trichosporon exhibits a broad host spectrum. Besides causing infections in the human host, superficial and deep-seated infections triggered by this pathogen have also been documented in several reptiles, mammals and arthropods [28][29][30][31].…”

Section: Pathogenic Strategies: Host Range Transmission Infection And...mentioning

confidence: 99%

JMM Profile: Trichosporon yeasts: from superficial pathogen to threat for haematological-neutropenic patients

Francisco

Hagen

2022

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Trichosporon yeasts are classical agents of superficial mycoses, and they are ranked as the first to second predominant basidiomycetous yeast able to cause invasive infections. The clinical presentation of Trichosporon infections varies with the affected anatomical site, with fungaemia present in the majority of invasive trichosporonosis cases. Only a limited number of antifungal compounds can be used to treat Trichosporon infections. Azoles are the first choice due to their intrinsic resistance to echinocandins. Better laboratory methods and up-to-date databases of commercial platforms are required to improve identification, susceptibility testing and surveillance of this potentially threating infection.

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Acremonium and trichosporon fungal keratoconjunctivitis in a Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis macularius)

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

SarocladiumandAcremoniuminfections: New faces of an old opportunistic fungus

JMM Profile: Trichosporon yeasts: from superficial pathogen to threat for haematological-neutropenic patients

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