Acquisition, extinction, and recovery functions in retroactive inhibition.

Briggs, George E.

doi:10.1037/h0060251

Cited by 114 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This characterization of the hypercorrection effect dovetails nicely with the proactive-inference literature. Proactive interference increases as a function of the retention interval-initially, the newly learned response (the correct answer) is more likely to be retrieved, but over time the original response (the error) returns to being the dominant response (e.g., Briggs, 1954).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interference theory would predict that the hypercorrection effect is a relatively short-lived phenomenon; high-confidence errors may be more likely to be corrected initially, but gradually these prepotent errors will return and interfere with memory for the correction. For example, proactive interference tends to be minimal when memory is tested immediately, but increases steadily as a function of delay (e.g., Briggs, 1954). …”

Section: Abstract Cued Recall Knowledge Memory Metamemorymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The hypercorrection effect persists over a week, but high-confidence errors return

2011

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People's knowledge about the world often contains misconceptions that are well-learned and firmly believed. Although such misconceptions seem hard to correct, recent research has demonstrated that errors made with higher confidence are more likely to be corrected with feedback, a finding called the hypercorrection effect. We investigated whether this effect persists over a 1-week delay. Subjects answered general-knowledge questions about science, rated their confidence in each response, and received correct answer feedback. Half of the subjects reanswered the same questions immediately, while the other half reanswered them after a 1-week delay. The hypercorrection effect occurred on both the immediate and delayed final tests, but error correction decreased on the delayed test. When subjects failed to correct an error on the delayed test, they sometimes reproduced the same error from the initial test. Interestingly, high-confidence errors were more likely than low-confidence errors to be reproduced on the delayed test. These findings help to contextualize the hypercorrection effect within the broader memory literature by showing that high-confidence errors are more likely to be corrected, but they are also more likely to be reproduced if the correct answer is forgotten.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Abstract Cued Recall Knowledge Memory Metamemorymentioning

confidence: 99%

The hypercorrection effect persists over a week, but high-confidence errors return

2011

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“…Such 'spontaneous recovery' e ects have been reported on numerous occasions in the pairedassociates paradigm using the MFR (e.g., Briggs, 1954;Underwood, 1948) and MMFR tests (e.g., Forrester, 1970;Silverstein, 1967), although in some studies the e ects were small or absent (e.g., Birnbaum, 1965;Koppenaal, 1963;Slamecka, 1966). An early review of the literature indicated that the presence or absence of a recovery e ect was to some extent dependent on the researchers' method of statistical analysis (A.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…previous experiments (e.g., Underwood, 1948;Briggs, 1954) participants were only asked to provide a single response for each item at the test stage (an 'MFR' Test, see Figure 1.3).…”

Section: Unlearningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence and plasticity in the human memory system: An empirical investigation of the overwriting hypothesis

Hardwicke¹

2017

Preprint

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The human memory system must resolve a critical tension, ensuring that knowledge endures over time (persistence), whilst simultaneously retaining a capacity for updating when knowledge is outdated or erroneous (plasticity). In this thesis, I examine the provocative idea that memory traces can be overwritten with new information, especially during transient periods of retrieval-induced plasticity that occur when a trace undergoes reconsolidation. A systematic review of human reconsolidation studies finds that the evidentiary support for this claim is remarkably tenuous. Furthermore, the theory fails to survive several strong empirical tests. In Experiments 1-7, I do not replicate a previous finding that is widely cited as a convincing demonstration of human reconsolidation. In Experiments 8-10, I revisit the ‘destructive updating’ account of the classic ‘misinformation effect’ in the context of reconsolidation theory. These experiments show that the effect can be eliminated when an appropriate recognition test is used, demonstrating that event traces are not irrecoverably lost, and therefore cannot have been overwritten during reconsolidation. In Experiment 11, I examine whether prior retrieval will help or hinder the correction of naturally occurring semantic misconceptions. Contrary to reconsolidation theory, I find that knowledge updating is not contingent on memory retrieval, nor does it result in the overwriting of prior knowledge.Finally, in the context of media ‘breaking news’ reports (Experiment 12), I find that the provision of an explicit retraction message, coupled with an alternative account with high causal coverage, is insufficient to eliminate reliance on false information. Finally, I contend that the widespread proliferation of ad hoc hypotheses, and the absence of systematic direct replication, has caused the field of reconsolidation to descend into a theoretical quagmire.I make several recommendations based on the principles of open science that may help to restore mechanisms of self-correction and foster genuine theoretical progress.

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“…Immediately following the completion of List 2 learning, modified, modified free recall (MMFR) data was collected (Barnes and Underwood, 1959;Briggs, 1954;Melton, 1961). The Ss were provided with a list of the stimulus words for this experiment.…”

Section: Listsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associative interference and premorbid adjustment in schizophrenia.

Hirsch¹,

DeWolfe²

1977

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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The effects of associative interference on the verbal learning performance of male process and reactive schizophrenics and normals were studied using a mixed list with high and moderate interlist interference and new learning conditions. Schizophrenics made more errors than normals in the interference conditions but not in the new learning. Reactive schizophrenics made as many errors as the process group with high interference but significantly fewer under moderate interference. Process schizophrenics gave significantly more List 1 intrusions in List 2 learning than reactives or normals. Results support predictions from the qualitative differences theory of cognitive deficit more strongly than the theories of Broen, Chapman and Chapman, McGhie, Payne, and Silverrnan.

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Acquisition, extinction, and recovery functions in retroactive inhibition.

Cited by 114 publications

References 7 publications

The hypercorrection effect persists over a week, but high-confidence errors return

The hypercorrection effect persists over a week, but high-confidence errors return

Persistence and plasticity in the human memory system: An empirical investigation of the overwriting hypothesis

Associative interference and premorbid adjustment in schizophrenia.

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