Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome in Differential Diagnosis of Hyper-IgE-Immunoglobulinemia: Pediatric Case Report

Acar, Manolya; Sütçü, Murat; Umur, Özge; Aktürk, Hacer; Törün, Selda Hançerli; Tamay, Zeynep; Salman, Nuran; Somer, Ayper

doi:10.1093/tropej/fmw053

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 6 publications

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“…Fungal etiologies, including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), which can be seen in children with chronic lung disease (asthma, cystic fibrosis), and disseminated Coccidioidomycosis and Histoplasmosis infections can trigger HE ( 20 – 23 ). Finally, HIV is a rare cause of HE in the pediatric population and should be considered in patients with unexplained HE and risk factors ( 24 – 26 ). Notably, protozoal parasites that often affect the pediatric population ( Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba ) generally do not produce peripheral HE ( 3 , 15 ).…”

Section: Causes Of Hypereosinophilia In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Approach to the Evaluation of Persistent Hypereosinophilia in Pediatric Patients

Schwartz

Fulkerson

2018

Front. Immunol.

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Hypereosinophilia (HE) is currently defined by a peripheral blood absolute eosinophil count (AEC) of ≥1,500 cells/microL. Although mild blood eosinophilia (AEC 500–1,500 cells/microL) is observed relatively frequently within the pediatric population, persistent HE is uncommon and should prompt additional clinical evaluation. While the clinical manifestations and underlying etiologies of HE in adults have been well-characterized, there is a paucity of data on HE in children. Limited evidence suggests that many similarities between adult and pediatric HE likely exist, but some important differences remain between these populations. The evaluation of HE in children can be challenging given the broad differential diagnosis, which includes primary hematologic disorders and secondary eosinophilia in which the increased eosinophil levels are propagated by disease states that promote eosinophil production and survival. On the basis of the underlying etiology, clinical manifestations can range from benign, self-resolving elevations in the AEC to life-threatening disorders with the potential for significant end-organ damage. Given the broad differential diagnosis of HE, it remains essential to systematically approach the evaluation of unexplained HE in children. This review will discuss the differential diagnosis for pediatric HE, highlighting etiologies that are more prevalent within the pediatric population. Additionally, a summary of the epidemiology of pediatric HE will be presented, with focus on some of the differences that exist between pediatric and adult HE. Finally, a directed approach to the diagnostic evaluation of children with HE will be discussed.

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Section: Causes Of Hypereosinophilia In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Approach to the Evaluation of Persistent Hypereosinophilia in Pediatric Patients

Schwartz

Fulkerson

2018

Front. Immunol.

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HIV and the Skin

Bunker,

Piguet

2024

Rook's Textbook of Dermatology

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Within 2 years of defining acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) as a distinctive syndrome in 1981, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was identified as the causative agent. Dermatological involvement in AIDS has been appreciated since the disease was first recognised. Mucocutaneous involvement establishes criteria for diagnosis and staging; the prognostic significance of some complications, for example pruritic papular eruption/eosinophilic folliculitis, hairy leukoplakia and Kaposi sarcoma (KS), was well recognised before specific treatments were introduced. The proportion of patients with skin complications and the number of these manifestations in any one patient increase as HIV infection progresses and AIDS develops. The incidence and severity of several common cutaneous diseases (such as mollusca, herpes simplex and seborrhoeic dermatitis) are increased in patients with HIV and this correlates in many instances with the absolute numbers of CD4+ T cells. The effect HIV infection may have on some dermatological conditions such as psoriasis and leprosy is less clear‐cut. The advent of highly active combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been incalculably beneficial to patients with HIV, but novel side effects of these drugs (such as lipodystrophy) have emerged, and the skin can be affected by manifestations of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome/immune reconstitution associated disease. The dermatological complications of HIV and AIDS may be distressing to patients and difficult for dermatologists to diagnose and manage. Also, many dermatoses presenting in the population at large need to be regarded as ‘indicator conditions’ to prompt advice about, and initiation of, HIV testing.

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