“…These changes exert a selective neurotoxic effect, affecting the integrity of neurons and astrocytes, mainly in the basal nuclei, brainstem, and white matter 8 . In the basal ganglia, manganese might accumulate in the mitochondria of the globus pallidus, thereby damaging the glial cells, as suggested by the diffuse hyperplasia of astrocytes, microcavitation, and zonal necrosis observed 5,6,9 . Moreover, this would also cause cellular loss and gliosis in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and subthalamus nucleus.…”