Acquired and Developmental Disorders of Reading and Spelling

Coltheart, Max; Kohnen, Saskia

doi:10.1002/9781118432501.ch43

Cited by 21 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…The mapping of the various types of developmental dyslexia in Arabic joins a growing body of evidence for the existence of types of developmental dyslexia, each very similar to the respective type of acquired dyslexia. (For a comprehensive survey of this literature, see Brunsdon et al 2002;Castles et al 1999Castles et al , 2006Castles and Coltheart 1993;Coltheart and Kohnen 2012;Jones et al 2011;Marshall 1984;Temple 1997. )…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…For a comprehensive survey of this literature see Castles et al (2006Castles et al ( , 1999, Castles and Coltheart (1993), Coltheart and Kohnen (2012); Jones et al (2011), andTemple (1997). Among the types of developmental dyslexia that have been reported one can find developmental surface dyslexia (Broom and Doctor 1995a;Castles et al 2006;Coltheart 1993, 1996;Coltheart et al 1983;Friedmann and Lukov 2008;Judica et al 2002;Masterson 2000;Temple 1997;Valdois et al 2003), developmental phonological dyslexia (Broom and Doctor 1995b;Howard and Best 1996;Temple 1997;Temple and Marshall 1983;Valdois et al 2003), developmental vowel letter dyslexia (Khentov-Kraus and Friedmann 2011), impaired semantic route (Castles et al 2010;Glosser et al 1997), as well as developmental deep dyslexia (Siegel 1985;Stuart and Howard 1995;Temple 1988Temple , 2003.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Types of Developmental Dyslexia in Arabic

Friedmann

Haddad-Hanna

2014

Literacy Studies

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Developmental dyslexia is a general term for various kinds of impairments in reading. More than 10 types of developmental dyslexia have been identified, each resulting from a deficit to a different stage in the reading process. The different deficits give rise to different patterns of errors in the various dyslexias and to different types of words that cause difficulty in reading. In this article we present types of developmental dyslexia that we have identified in Arabic, and survey their main characteristics, focusing on the unique properties of the Arabic orthography and their interaction with the manifestation of the various developmental dyslexia types. We present the patterns of developmental peripheral dyslexias, dyslexias that result from impairment at the orthographic-visual analysis stage, and of central dyslexias, which result from impairments at later stages. Within the peripheral dyslexias, we focus on the manifestation in Arabic of letter position dyslexia, which is caused by a deficit in letter position encoding and which results in letter position errors; on attentional dyslexia, a deficit in the attentional window in reading, which results in migrations of letters between words; on visual dyslexia, a deficit in the orthographic-visual analyzer that causes letter omissions, additions, substitutions, and migrations; and on left neglect dyslexia, a disorder that leads to visual errors only on the left side of words. We then report and discuss the manifestation of central dyslexias in Arabic: surface dyslexia-a deficit in the lexical route that causes reading via the sublexical route; vowel dyslexia-a selective impairment in vowel processing in the sublexical route that causes impaired reading of vowel letters; and deep dyslexia-a deficit in the sublexical and lexical routes, which causes reading via the comprehension of the word and leads to semantic and morphological errors. All but one of the dyslexias described here are reported for the first time in Arabic.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Types of Developmental Dyslexia in Arabic

Friedmann

Haddad-Hanna

2014

Literacy Studies

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“…However, once the relevant stimuli are selected for an English reading task, the same dyslexias with the same properties are detectable in both languages. And indeed, the dyslexias we describe have all been identified in English (For a comprehensive survey of this literature of dyslexia types in English, see for example [6]; for the specific dyslexias that we describe here see Letter position dyslexia: [6]; Attentional dyslexia: [32], [33]; Neglexia: [38]; vowel dyslexia: [17]; Surface dyslexia: [3], [4], [5], [7]). This work can therefore be expanded to English and other languages.…”

Section: The Datamentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The most influential example of this approach derives from the Dual-Route Reading Model [5], [6], [20], describing the process of reading by several processing stages and routes (figure 1). According to this approach, there are subtypes of dyslexia, each resulting from a deficit or malfunction in a different stage in the process of reading.…”

Section: Dyslexia and Reading Errorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies often assume a common phonological [26], [28], [36], [37] or sensorimotor [37] cause to all types of reading errors. However, an alternative approach views dyslexia as an umbrella term for various deficiencies, or dyslexia subtypes, each characterized by specific error types (e.g., [6], [11], [20]). According to this approach, each of the errors above could result from a different subtype of dyslexia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Probabilistic Graphical Models of Dyslexia

Lakretz

Chechik

Friedmann

et al. 2015

Proceedings of the 21th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining

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Reading is a complex cognitive process, errors in which may assume diverse forms. In this study, introducing a novel approach, we use two families of probabilistic graphical models to analyze patterns of reading errors made by dyslexic people: an LDA-based model and two Naïve Bayes models which differ by their assumptions about the generation process of reading errors. The models are trained on a large corpus of reading errors. Results show that a Naïve Bayes model achieves highest accuracy compared to labels given by clinicians (AU C = 0.801 ± 0.05), thus providing the first automated and objective diagnosis tool for dyslexia which is solely based on reading errors data. Results also show that the LDA-based model best captures patterns of reading errors and could therefore contribute to the understanding of dyslexia and to future improvement of the diagnostic procedure. Finally, we draw on our results to shed light on a theoretical debate about the definition and heterogeneity of dyslexia. Our results support a model assuming multiple dyslexia subtypes, that of a heterogeneous view of dyslexia.

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Are children with developmental dyslexia all the same? A cluster analysis with more than 300 cases

et al. 2019

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Reading is vital to every aspect of modern life, exacerbated by reliance of the internet, email, and social media on the written medium. Developmental dyslexia (DD) characterizes a disorder in which the core deficit involves reading. Traditionally, DD is thought to be associated with a phonological impairment. However, recent evidence has begun to suggest that the reading impairment in some individuals is provoked by a visual processing deficit. In this paper, we present WISC‐IV data from more than 300 Italian children with a diagnosis of DD to investigate the manifestation of phonological and visual subtypes. Our results indicate the existence of two clusters of children with DD. In one cluster, the deficit was more pronounced in the phonological component, while both clusters were impaired in visual processing. These data indicate that DD may be an umbrella term that encompasses different profiles. From a theoretical perspective, our results demonstrate that dyslexia cannot be explained in terms of an isolated phonological deficit alone; visual impairment plays a crucial role. Moreover, general rather than specific accounts of DD are discussed.

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Acquired and Developmental Disorders of Reading and Spelling

Cited by 21 publications

References 93 publications

Types of Developmental Dyslexia in Arabic

Types of Developmental Dyslexia in Arabic

Probabilistic Graphical Models of Dyslexia

Are children with developmental dyslexia all the same? A cluster analysis with more than 300 cases

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