Acoustic systems for the measurement of streamflow

Laenen, Antonius; Smith, Winchell

doi:10.3133/ofr82329

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Various techniques and instruments have been developed to improve streamflow measurements. For example, several different pieces of equipment are available for the continuous measurement of water discharge, such as acoustic velocity meters (AVMs)/ultrasonic velocity meters (Falvey, 1983, Laenen and Smith, 1983, Sloat and Gain, 1995, Simpson and Bland, 2000, Ruhl and DeRose, 2004 and horizontal acoustic Doppler current profilers (H-ADCPs) (Le Coz, et al, 2008, Hoitink, et al, 2009, Sassi, et al, 2011. However, these also have several limitations (Kawanisi et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐frequency streamflow acquisition and bed level/flow angle estimates in a mountainous river using shallow‐water acoustic tomography

Kawanisi

Bahrainimotlagh

Sawaf

et al. 2016

Hydrological Processes

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Abstract:The acquisition of reliable discharge estimates is crucial in hydrological studies. This study demonstrates a promising acoustic method for measuring streamflow at high sampling rate for a long period using the fluvial acoustic tomography system (FATS). The FATS recently emerged as an innovative technique for continuous measurements of streamflow. In contrast to the traditional point/transect measurements of discharge, the FATS enables the depth-averaged and range-averaged flow velocity along the ray path to be measured in a fraction of a second. The field test was conducted in a shallow gravel-bed river (0.9 m deep under lowflow conditions, 115 m wide) for 1 month. The parameters (stream direction and bottom elevation) required for calculating the streamflow were deduced by a nonlinear regression to the discharge data from the well-established rating curve. The crosssectional average velocities were automatically calculated from the acoustic data, which were collected on both riverbanks every 30 s. The FATS was connected to the internet so that the real-time flow data could be obtained. The FATS captured discharge variations at a cut-off frequency of approximately 70 day À1 . The stream exhibited temporal discharge changes at multiple time scales ranging from a few tens of minutes to days.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐frequency streamflow acquisition and bed level/flow angle estimates in a mountainous river using shallow‐water acoustic tomography

Kawanisi

Bahrainimotlagh

Sawaf

et al. 2016

Hydrological Processes

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“…Calibration error is thus usually found to be a substantial source of error in discharge estimation. Also, straight-line propagation assumption makes AVM's susceptible to the multipath phenomenon that occurs in its extreme forms in shallow waters, and also to the ray bending phenomenon caused by temperature or salinity gradients [Laenen and Smith, 1983]. Doppler method lacks penetration capabilities of tomography equipment [e.g., Le Coz et al, 2008], because it has greater susceptibility to interference from boundary conditions and is subject to signal attenuation from same particles needed in backscattering the signal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An acoustic travel time method for continuous velocity monitoring in shallow tidal streams

Razaz

Kawanisi

Nistor

et al. 2013

Water Resources Research

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[1] Long-term variations of streamflow in a tidal channel were measured using a Fluvial Acoustic Tomography (FAT) system through one transmission path. FAT is an innovative acoustic technology that utilizes the time-of-travel method to determine velocity between two points from multiple ray paths that traverse the entire cross-section of stream. Due to high spatial variability of flow distribution stationary ADCP measurements were not likely to yield true section-averaged flow velocity and moving-boat ADCP method was therefore used to provide reference data. As such, two short-term moving boat ADCP campaigns were carried out by the authors. In the first campaign, a couple of acoustic stations were added to the FAT system in order to resolve flow angularity in addition to the mean velocity. Comparing the FAT results with corresponding ADCP section-averaged flow direction and velocity indicated remarkable consistency. Second campaign was designed to capture the influence of salt wedge intrusion on the sound propagation pattern. It was found that FAT velocity measurements bias high if acoustic stations lay inside the cooler freshwater layer. Ray-tracing hindcasts suggest that installing acoustic stations inside the salt wedge may significantly improve function of output of the system. Comparing salinities evaluated from long-term FAT travel time records with nodal salinity measurements provided by conductivity-temperature sensors reveals the potential ability of FAT in measuring salt flux.

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“…Using microcomputer technology, an average value of velocity and the pipe flow rate is derived from the spectrum. The UTFM is based on the principle that the transit-time of an acoustic signal is different in the upstream and in downstream directions: the difference can once again be measured using microcomputer technology and can be related to the flow velocity [14,16,23].…”

Section: Principles Of Ultrasonic Velocimetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These characteristics make the UFM particularly useful for flow rate measurements (even continuously) on pipes both of wide and small diameter, tests in hydraulic machinery, hydroelectric power plants and in laboratory installations in which the flow must under no circumstances be disturbed [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. In several works [14][15][16][17][18][19] it has been shown how UFMs are also valuably used in measuring the velocity and therefore the flow rate in sewers, open channels and rivers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental tests on ultrasonic flow meter performance in full-flowing pipes

Ciaravino

2011

Surface Effects and Contact Mechanics X

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Tests based on non destructive techniques are fundamental for measurements on fully operational plants. This work details the results obtained in experimental tests on full-flowing pipes made of a variety of materials highlighting some of the characteristics and limitations in the performance of the ultrasonic flow meter which must be taken into account. The research carried out using a Doppler ultrasonic flow meter (UDFM) illustrated anomalies in the device's function on steel pipes that have been in service for many years and in which significant internal irregularities and incrustations were present. With the internal surface of the pipe wall in such conditions, the acoustic signal loses its coherence, in passing through the pipe wall twice, thus making its detection difficult for the receiver. Further tests conducted on acrylic pipes, characterized by an extremely smooth internal surface and under the same experimental conditions, did not present the running anomalies encountered in the old steel pipes.

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Acoustic systems for the measurement of streamflow

Abstract: R 75709 IX/42e. Taj( del~ Bekamllmaclnmg uber die £p•feiltiu!f. d.es Patenls: I g. ]~ebruar l!}JI ~~I.-3ng. ~r.s:3ng. Oskar ~titt~n in Berlin-Friedenau. • "verfahren. und Vorrichtung zum Messeri von stromenderi Flussigkeits-, Gas-oder Dampfmengen

Cited by 22 publications

References 1 publication

High‐frequency streamflow acquisition and bed level/flow angle estimates in a mountainous river using shallow‐water acoustic tomography

High‐frequency streamflow acquisition and bed level/flow angle estimates in a mountainous river using shallow‐water acoustic tomography

An acoustic travel time method for continuous velocity monitoring in shallow tidal streams

Experimental tests on ultrasonic flow meter performance in full-flowing pipes

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