Acoustic startle reduction in cocaine dependence persists for 1 year of abstinence

Corcoran, Sarah; Norrholm, Seth D.; Cuthbert, Bruce N.; Sternberg, Maya; Hollis, Jeff; Duncan, Erica

doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2114-2

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Similar increases in acoustic startle have been seen in alcoholics during acute withdrawal [110]. However, after more prolonged periods of abstinence, cocaine addicts exhibit decreased acoustic startle compared with healthy controls, suggesting a dampened stress response [111]. Additionally, stimulant dependent individuals exhibit decreased cortisol response to a stressful situation, as do alcoholics after longer periods of abstinence [94, 112, 113].…”

Section: Clinical Studies Of Substance Use and Stress Responsivitymentioning

confidence: 84%

Substance use modulates stress reactivity: Behavioral and physiological outcomes

Fosnocht

Briand

2016

Physiology & Behavior

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Drug addiction is a major public health concern in the United States costing taxpayers billions in health care costs, lost productivity and law enforcement. However, the availability of effective treatment options remains limited. The development of novel therapeutics will not be possible without a better understanding of the addicted brain. Studies in both clinical and preclinical models indicate that chronic drug use leads to alterations in the body and brain’s response to stress. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis may shed light on the ability of stress to increase vulnerability to relapse. Further, within both the HPA axis and limbic brain regions, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is critically involved in the brain’s response to stress. Alterations in both central and peripheral CRF activity seen following chronic drug use provide a mechanism by which substance use can alter stress reactivity, thus mediating addictive phenotypes. While many reviews have focused on how stress alters drug-mediated changes in physiology and behavior, the goal of this review is to focus on how substance use alters responses to stress.

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Section: Clinical Studies Of Substance Use and Stress Responsivitymentioning

confidence: 84%

Substance use modulates stress reactivity: Behavioral and physiological outcomes

Fosnocht

Briand

2016

Physiology & Behavior

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“…Gap-PPI, assessed using the eyeblink startle paradigm, has been used to assess tinnitus deficits in humans, also providing critical information regarding the underlying neural circuitry (Fournier and Hebert 2013). The eyeblink startle paradigm has also been used to assess the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure (Anday et al 1989) and chronic cocaine use (Corcoran et al 2011; Efferen et al 2000). Most notably, alterations in temporal processing have been observed in HIV-1 seropositive individuals with HAND using the eyeblink startle paradigm (Minassian et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective developmental alterations in The HIV-1 transgenic rat: Opportunities for diagnosis of pediatric HIV-1

2016

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Since the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), pediatric HIV-1 (PHIV) has evolved from a fatal disease to a chronic disease as children perinatally infected with HIV-1 survive into adulthood. The HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rat, which expresses 7 of the 9 HIV-1 genes constitutively throughout development, was used to model the early development of chronic neurological impairment in PHIV. Male and female Fischer HIV-1 Tg and F344N control rats, sampled from 35 litters, were repeatedly assessed during early development using multiple experimental paradigms, including somatic growth, locomotor activity, cross-modal prepulse inhibition (PPI) and gap-prepulse inhibition (gap-PPI). Later eye opening was observed in HIV-1 Tg animals relative to controls. HIV-1 Tg animals exhibited a shift in the development of locomotor activity implicating alterations in the maturation of the forebrain cholinergic inhibitory system. Alterations in the development of PPI and perceptual sharpening were observed in both auditory and visual PPI as indexed by a relative insensitivity to the dimension of time (ms for ISI; days of age for perceptual sharpening) as a function of the HIV-1 transgene. Presence of the HIV-1 transgene was diagnosed with 97.1% accuracy using auditory and visual PPI measurements from PD 17 and 21. Early selective developmental alterations observed in the HIV-1 Tg rats provide an opportunity for the development of a point-of-care screening tool, which would permit for early diagnosis of PHIV and improve the long-term outcome for children perinatally infected with HIV-1.

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“…For each of the following diagnoses they were coded for the current or previous presence of a diagnosis of: schizophrenia (SCZ), major depression (MDD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and any substance use disorder (including alcohol or any drug of abuse). Because of our prior published findings of low startle magnitude in cocaine addicted subjects (Efferen et al 2000; Corcoran et al 2011) we also created a specific dichotomous variable to define whether or not subjects had current or past history of cocaine use disorder. Finally, a composite dichotomous variable was created to define whether subjects had current or past history of any primary psychotic diagnosis on the SCID or MINI interview (including DSM-IV schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizotypal disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, unspecified psychosis).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and acoustic startle response in an inner-city population

Massa

Duncan

Jovanović

et al. 2017

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

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Toxoplasma gondii (TOXO) is a neuroinvasive protozoan parasite that induces the formation of persistent cysts in mammalian brains. It infects approximately 1.1 million people in the United States annually. Latent TOXO infection is implicated in the etiology of psychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia (Scz), and has been correlated with modestly impaired cognition. The acoustic startle response (ASR) is a reflex seen in all mammals. It is mediated by a simple subcortical circuit, and provides an indicator of neural function. We previously reported the association of TOXO with slowed acoustic startle latency, an index of neural processing speed, in a sample of schizophrenia and healthy control subjects. The alterations in neurobiology with TOXO latent infection may not be specific to schizophrenia. Therefore we examined TOXO in relation to acoustic startle in an urban, predominately African American, population with mixed psychiatric diagnoses, and healthy controls. Physiological and diagnostic data along with blood samples were collected from 364 outpatients treated at an inner-city hospital. TOXO status was determined with an ELISA assay for TOXO-specific IgG. A discrete titer was calculated based on standard cut-points as an indicator of seropositivity, and the TOXO-specific IgG concentration served as serointensity. A series of linear regression models were used to assess the association of TOXO seropositivity and serointensity with ASR magnitude and latency in models adjusting for demographics and psychiatric diagnoses (PTSD, major depression, schizophrenia, psychosis, substance abuse). ASR magnitude was 11.5% higher in TOXO seropositive subjects compared to seronegative individuals (p=0.01). This effect was more pronounced in models with TOXO serointensity that adjusted for sociodemographic covariates (F=7.41, p=.0068; F=10.05, p=0.0017), and remained significant when psychiatric diagnoses were stepped into the models. TOXO showed no association with startle latency (t=0.49, p=0.63) in an unadjusted model, nor was TOXO associated with latency in models that included demographic factors. After stepping in individual psychiatric disorders, we found a significant association of latency with a diagnosis of PTSD (F=5.15, p=0.024), but no other psychiatric diagnoses, such that subjects with PTSD had longer startle latency. The mechanism by which TOXO infection is associated with high startle magnitude is not known, but possible mechanisms include TOXO cyst burden in the brain, parasite recrudescence, or molecular mimicry of a host epitope by TOXO. Future studies will focus on the neurobiology underlying the effects of latent TOXO infection as a potential inroad to the development of novel treatment targets for psychiatric disease.

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Acoustic startle reduction in cocaine dependence persists for 1 year of abstinence

Cited by 13 publications

References 49 publications

Substance use modulates stress reactivity: Behavioral and physiological outcomes

Substance use modulates stress reactivity: Behavioral and physiological outcomes

Selective developmental alterations in The HIV-1 transgenic rat: Opportunities for diagnosis of pediatric HIV-1

Relationship between Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and acoustic startle response in an inner-city population

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