Acoustic monitoring of gas emissions from the seafloor. Part II: a case study from the Sea of Marmara

Bayrakci, Gaye; Scalabrin, Carla; Dupré, Stéphanie; Leblond, Isabelle; Tary, Jean Baptiste; Lantéri, Nadine; Augustin, Jean‐Marie; Berger, Laurent; Cros, Estelle; Ogor, A.; Tsabaris, C.; Lescanne, Marc; Géli, Louis

doi:10.1007/s11001-014-9227-7

Cited by 38 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Considering that earthquake shaking may induce degassing processes from gas prone surface layers, as a recent analysis of combined ocean bottom seismometer recordings and piezometer measurements [ Bayrakci et al ., ] suggested, all above observations suggest that a strong correlation exists between the occurrence of gas emissions and the present‐day microseismic activity. Although the relative absence of gas emissions through the seabed into the water column, considering the presence of gas source(s) below, may be related locally to differences in sediment properties (mechanical and physicochemical) and processes (AOM), we propose that the absence of earthquake‐induced ground shaking is the primary factor responsible for the relative absence of gas emissions along the Istanbul‐Silivri segment and part of the Princes Islands segment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The understanding of the evolution of the fluid‐fault coupling processes during an earthquake cycle is a challenge, and the acoustic detection of gas emissions through the seabed may provide new insights on these processes [see, e.g., Bayrakci et al ., ; Gasperini et al ., ]. Fluid escape may occur both offshore and onshore [ Capozzi and Picotti , ; Delisle et al ., ; Judd and Hovland , ] at the seabed or terrestrial surface to give birth to seep‐related structures, e.g., mud volcanoes [ Kopf , ] resulting from the mobilization of gas (predominantly methane), water, and mud at a subbottom depth of a few meters to kilometers [ Dupré et al ., ].…”

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tectonic and sedimentary controls on widespread gas emissions in the Sea of Marmara: Results from systematic, shipborne multibeam echo sounder water column imaging

et al. 2015

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Understanding of the evolution of fluid-fault interactions during earthquake cycles is a challenge that acoustic gas emission studies can contribute. A survey of the Sea of Marmara using a shipborne, multibeam echo sounder, with water column records, provided an accurate spatial distribution of offshore seeps. Gas emissions are spatially controlled by a combination of factors, including fault and fracture networks in connection to the Main Marmara Fault system and inherited faults, the nature and thickness of sediments (e.g., occurrence of impermeable or gas-bearing sediments and landslides), and the connectivity between the seafloor and gas sources, particularly in relation to the Eocene Thrace Basin. The relationship between seepage and fault activity is not linear, as active faults do not necessarily conduct gas, and scarps corresponding to deactivated fault strands may continue to channel fluids. Within sedimentary basins, gas is not expelled at the seafloor unless faulting, deformation, or erosional processes affect the sediments. On topographic highs, gas flares occur along the main fault scarps but are also associated with sediment deformation. The occurrence of gas emissions appears to be correlated with the distribution of microseismicity. The relative absence of earthquake-induced ground shaking along parts of the Istanbul-Silivri and Princes Islands segments is likely the primary factor responsible for the comparative lack of gas emissions along these fault segments. The spatiotemporal distribution of gas seeps may thus provide a complementary way to constrain earthquake geohazards by focusing the study on some key fault segments, e.g., the northern part of the locked Princes Islands segment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tectonic and sedimentary controls on widespread gas emissions in the Sea of Marmara: Results from systematic, shipborne multibeam echo sounder water column imaging

et al. 2015

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“…These techniques allowed the development of important theoretical models for the transfer of methane from the seabed to the atmosphere and determined that, in general, gas only reaches the sea surface if the seep is shallower than 300-400 m (Schmale et al 2005;McGinnis et al 2006). Bubble acoustic scattering was also modelled in order to estimate the gas flux of a bubble plume, either from ship-based remote sensing (Weber et al 2014) or from benthic landers (such as GasQuant or BOB, or the Bubble OBservatory module; Greinert 2008;Bayrakci et al 2014). Benthic devices are particularly useful for monitoring seepage variations over time.…”

Section: Geophysical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting and Measuring Gas Seepage

Etiope

2015

Natural Gas Seepage

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This chapter provides a representative overview of current methodologies for detection of gas seepage on Earth's surface, both on land and in aquatic environments (rivers, lakes, oceans). Most of the techniques described can be utilised to discover gas seepage independent of the study objective (i.e. whether for petroleum exploration, geo-hazards, or environmental studies). Most of these techniques can also be used to measure anthropogenic gas leaks, such as fugitive emissions from petroleum production and distribution facilities. Applications to petroleum exploration, as well as related interpretative tools and limits, with references to microseepage detection, are discussed in Chap. 5.The goal of this chapter is not (and cannot be) an exhaustive manual or review for all of the currently available surface seepage prospecting methods. As outlined in the sections below, several traditional techniques have been described in review papers. Here, a synthetic and synoptic picture for several currently available methodologies is provided, including the latest techniques and capabilities offered by new generation instruments. The discussion provided here focuses on direct gas detection methods. The use of gas seepage in petroleum exploration is outlined in Chap. 5. Indirect methods, including geophysical techniques and measurements of chemical, physical, or microbiological parameters in soils, water, rocks, or vegetation, modified by the presence of hydrocarbons, are briefly illustrated. Specific references, as well as a few case histories, are provided for those interested in a deeper reading of the technical details of sensing principles and instrumentation design. The detection of oil is not the objective of this book. Gas Detection MethodsAs illustrated in Fig. 4.1, gas seepage can be detected above the ground (atmospheric measurements), in the ground (soils and well head-space), and in water bodies (shallow aquifers, springs, rivers, bogs, lakes, and seas). Several of the methodologies are visually reviewed in the tree diagram shown in Fig. 4.2.

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“…Previous at-sea investigations have used active acoustics to locate gas seeps (Nikolovska and Schanze, 2007;Schneider von Deimling et al, 2010;Westbrook et al, 2009;Nikolovska et al, 2008). It has been shown that quantification can also be performed using such systems (Caudron et al, 2012;Ostrovsky et al, 2008;Shakhova et al, 2014;Leblond et al, 2014;Bayrakci et al, 2014). For example, using a hull mounted downward looking echosounder, Caudron et al (2012) quantified CO 2 gas emission in the water column using the method by Ostrovsky et al (2008).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, such measures only constitute snapshots at a specific point in time and do not usually provide coverage of the development of the leak. This can be assessed by long deployment of sonar units Bayrakci et al, 2014) (e.g. mounted on a lander or an ROV) but the power requirements are significant.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive acoustic quantification of gas fluxes during controlled gas release experiments

Bergès

Leighton

White

2015

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

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Acoustic monitoring of gas emissions from the seafloor. Part II: a case study from the Sea of Marmara

Cited by 38 publications

References 59 publications

Tectonic and sedimentary controls on widespread gas emissions in the Sea of Marmara: Results from systematic, shipborne multibeam echo sounder water column imaging

Tectonic and sedimentary controls on widespread gas emissions in the Sea of Marmara: Results from systematic, shipborne multibeam echo sounder water column imaging

Detecting and Measuring Gas Seepage

Passive acoustic quantification of gas fluxes during controlled gas release experiments

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