Acoustic droplet vaporization is initiated by superharmonic focusing

Abstract

Acoustically sensitive emulsion droplets composed of a liquid perfluorocarbon have the potential to be a highly efficient system for local drug delivery, embolotherapy or for tumor imaging. The physical mechanisms underlying the acoustic activation of these phase-change emulsions into a bubbly dispersion, termed acoustic droplet vaporization, have not been well understood. The droplets have a very high activation threshold, its frequency dependence does not comply with homogeneous nucleation theory and focusing spots have been observed. We showed that acoustic droplet vaporization is initiated by a combination of two phenomena: highly nonlinear distortion of the acoustic wave before it hits the droplet, and focusing of the distorted wave by the droplet itself. At high excitation pressures, nonlinear distortion causes significant superharmonics with wavelengths below the diameter of the droplet. Because these superharmonics strongly contribute to the focusing effect, the mechanism also explains pressure thresholding effects. In an accompanying paper, mathematical modeling aspects are presented. A proposed model is validated with experimental data captured with an ultra high-speed camera on the positions of the nucleation spots. Moreover, the presented mechanism explains the hitherto counterintuitive dependence of the nucleation threshold on the ultrasound frequency.

Nucleation of Bubbles in Perfluoropentane Droplets Under Ultrasonic Excitation

“…We infer that that nucleation occurs inside the droplet. This theoretical prediction matches with the high-speed camera observations (Kripfgans et al, 2004;Li et al, 2014;Shpak et al, 2014).…”

Bubble puzzles: From fundamentals to applications

“…Therefore ultrasonically driven bubbles can be used for local application of genes or drugs. This includes employing emulsions of droplets composed of liquid perfluorocarbons, which are acoustically activated to undergo a phase change into a bubbly dispersion, a procedure termed acoustic droplet vaporization [56].…”

Numerical investigation of acoustic vaporization threshold of microdroplets

“…Some studies showed that the ADV threshold increases with acoustic frequency [11] , [12] whereas others showed the opposite trend [13] , [14] . While analyzing the experimental observation that the acoustic threshold decreases as the acoustic frequency increases, Shpak et al [15] noted the superharmonic effect that a spherical droplet concentrates an incident acoustic wave at its inner point. Their theoretical analysis showed that the superharmonic focusing effect, triggering the generation of bubbles, increases as the acoustic frequency and the droplet size increase.…”