“…Lexical tone is defined by syllable-level shifts in fundamental frequency (voicesourced pitch). Secondary determinants of tone include duration, amplitude and voice quality (Howie, 1976), although native tone identification rests primarily on measures of fundamental frequency (Gandour, 1978(Gandour, , 1983Kuo, Rosen, & Faulkner, 2008). In contrast to tones, vowels are primarily characterized by the height of the first three formants, and identified principally by the first and second formants (Reetz & Jongman, 2008).…”