Acoustic Assessment of Polymetallic Nodule Abundance Using Sidescan Sonar and Altimeter

Wong, Liang Jie; Kalyan, Bharath; Vishnu, Hari

doi:10.1109/joe.2020.2967108

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…However, exploration for minerals in the ocean is highly difficult due to mining costs and the deep-sea environment. Such methods as in situ sampling, transient electromagnetics, seismic, underwater photography sonar surveying and spectroscopy are the most commonly used mineral exploration methods (Malehmir and Bellefleur, 2009; Gehrmann et al , 2019; Wong et al , 2020; Schoening et al , 2017; White et al , 2006).…”

Section: Underwater Applications Of Hyperspectral Imagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperspectral imaging for underwater object detection

Wang

Liu

et al. 2021

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Purpose This paper aims to demonstrate the principle and practical applications of hyperspectral object detection, carry out the problem we now face and the possible solution. Also some challenges in this field are discussed. Design/methodology/approach First, the paper summarized the current research status of the hyperspectral techniques. Then, the paper demonstrated the development of underwater hyperspectral techniques from three major aspects, which are UHI preprocess, unmixing and applications. Finally, the paper presents a conclusion of applications of hyperspectral imaging and future research directions. Findings Various methods and scenarios for underwater object detection with hyperspectral imaging are compared, which include preprocessing, unmixing and classification. A summary is made to demonstrate the application scope and results of different methods, which may play an important role in the application of underwater hyperspectral object detection in the future. Originality/value This paper introduced several methods of hyperspectral image process, give out the conclusion of the advantages and disadvantages of each method, then demonstrated the challenges we face and the possible way to deal with them.

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Section: Underwater Applications Of Hyperspectral Imagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperspectral imaging for underwater object detection

Wang

Liu

et al. 2021

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“…COMRA ( [38]) used acoustic response in their Multi-Frequency Exploration System (MFES), which was refined by Tao et al [56]. Knobloch et al [57] included MBES response in their combined artificial neural network and geostatistical mineral resource estimation, and Wong et al [58] observed >85% average accuracy for their study area, using a combination of bathymetry and backscatter processed through an artificial neural network. Gaziz et al [59] applied machine learning to AUV (autonomous underwater vehicle) MBES and photographic data for predictive modelling at a smaller scale (i.e., pre-mining scale).…”

Section: Geology Of Polymetallic Nodule Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aspects of Estimation and Reporting of Mineral Resources of Seabed Polymetallic Nodules: A Contemporaneous Case Study

Parianos¹,

Lipton²,

Nimmo³

2021

Minerals

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Exploration of seabed polymetallic nodules identifies the Clarion Clipperton Zone and the Indian Ocean Nodule Field to be of economic interest. Mineral resource estimation is important to the owner of the resource (all of mankind; and managed by the International Seabed Authority; ISA) and to developers (commercial and government groups holding contracts with the ISA). The Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards was developed for the land-based minerals industry and adapted in 2015 for ISA-managed nodules. Nodules can be sampled in a meaningful manner using mechanical devices, albeit with minor issues of bias. Grade and moisture content are measured using the established methodology for land-based minerals. Tonnage of resource is determined via the abundance of nodules in kilograms per square metre of seabed. This can be estimated from physical samples and, in some cases, from photographs. Contemporary resource reporting for nodules classify the level of confidence in the estimate, by considering deposit geology, sample geostatistics, etc. The reporting of estimates also addresses reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction, including factors such as mining technology, the marine environment, metallurgical processing, and metals markets. Other requirements are qualified persons responsible for estimation and reporting, site inspection, and sample chain of custody.

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“…However, the exploration of minerals is extremely limited in deep-sea environments. The methods employed for mineral exploration commonly include in-situ sampling, seismic, transient electromagnetics, sonar surveying, underwater photography, and spectroscopy [ 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 ].…”

Section: Applications Of Underwater Hyperspectral Imaging Technolomentioning

confidence: 99%

Underwater Hyperspectral Imaging Technology and Its Applications for Detecting and Mapping the Seafloor: A Review

Liu

Men

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Common methods of ocean remote sensing and seafloor surveying are mainly carried out by airborne and spaceborne hyperspectral imagers. However, the water column hinders the propagation of sunlight to deeper areas, thus limiting the scope of observation. As an emerging technology, underwater hyperspectral imaging (UHI) is an extension of hyperspectral imaging technology in air conditions, and is undergoing rapid development for applications in shallow and deep-sea environments. It is a close-range, high-resolution approach for detecting and mapping the seafloor. In this paper, we focus on the concepts of UHI technology, covering imaging systems and the correction methods of eliminating the water column’s influence. The current applications of UHI, such as deep-sea mineral exploration, benthic habitat mapping, and underwater archaeology, are highlighted to show the potential of this technology. This review can provide an introduction and overview for those working in the field and offer a reference for those searching for literature on UHI technology.

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Acoustic Assessment of Polymetallic Nodule Abundance Using Sidescan Sonar and Altimeter

Cited by 16 publications

References 26 publications

Hyperspectral imaging for underwater object detection

Hyperspectral imaging for underwater object detection

Aspects of Estimation and Reporting of Mineral Resources of Seabed Polymetallic Nodules: A Contemporaneous Case Study

Underwater Hyperspectral Imaging Technology and Its Applications for Detecting and Mapping the Seafloor: A Review

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