Acoustic and Auditory Differences in the /t/-/ṭ/ Opposition in Male and Female Speakers of Jordanian Arabic

Effects of Gender on the Production of Emphasis in Jordanian Arabic: A Sociophonetic Study

“…The majority of acoustic studies of emphasis compared the formant frequencies of emphatic vowels, mostly F2, to those of plain vowels. To the best of my knowledge, only one study, Khattab et al (2006), examined VOT as a potential acoustic correlate of emphasis in Arabic.…”

Revisiting acoustic correlates of pharyngealization in Jordanian and Moroccan Arabic: Implications for formal representations

“…The frequency of the third formant (F3) was reported to be overall higher in the pharyngealized context and sometimes dependent on the vowel quality; a higher F3 was reported with back vowels, e.g., /uː/ potentially reflecting an upper-pharyngeal constriction, and a lower F3 with front vowels, e.g., /iː/ potentially reflecting a mid-pharyngeal constriction, with no differences in /aː/ (e.g., Al-Tamimi, F. Al-Tamimi, J., 2007a, b;Jongman et al, 2011;Norlin, 1987;Zeroual et al, 2011). Even though these variable behaviors of F3 are related to differences in constriction location, they are also affected by the slight lip-rounding/protrusion and/or sulcalization of the tongue body reported in the literature (Khattab et al, 2006).…”

“…The four consonants /sˤ tˤ dˤ ðˤ/ are referred to as muṭbaqa (IPA: /mutˤbaqa/), which describes their articulation as being 'covered' or 'lidded' (Khattab et al, 2006); 'spread and with a raised tongue' (Lehn, 1963) and/or with a 'pressed voice' (Cantineau, 1960, p. 23). The second term, musta˓liya (IPA: /mustaʕlija/) 'with an elevated dorsum' is used to describe these four consonants /sˤ tˤ dˤ ðˤ/ in addition to /q x ɣ/ (Cantineau, 1960;Jakobson, 1957Jakobson, /1962Khattab et al, 2006;Lehn, 1963). The difference between relatively higher first formant (F1) in the pharyngealized context (e.g., Al-Tamimi, F. Barkat-Defradas et al, 2003;Ghazeli, 1977;Jongman et al, 2011;Khattab et al, 2006;Laufer & Baer, 1988;Shahin, 1996Shahin, , 1997.…”

“…According to Arabic grammarians (e.g., Sībawayh), three terms can be used to describe these consonants: muṭbaqa (IPA: /mutˤbaqa/), musta˓liya (IPA: /mustaʕlija/), and mufaḫḫama (IPA: /mufaxxama/) (Bin-Muqbil, 2006;Cantineau, 1960;Jakobson, 1957Jakobson, /1962Khattab et al, 2006;Lehn, 1963). The four consonants /sˤ tˤ dˤ ðˤ/ are referred to as muṭbaqa (IPA: /mutˤbaqa/), which describes their articulation as being 'covered' or 'lidded' (Khattab et al, 2006); 'spread and with a raised tongue' (Lehn, 1963) and/or with a 'pressed voice' (Cantineau, 1960, p. 23). The second term, musta˓liya (IPA: /mustaʕlija/) 'with an elevated dorsum' is used to describe these four consonants /sˤ tˤ dˤ ðˤ/ in addition to /q x ɣ/ (Cantineau, 1960;Jakobson, 1957Jakobson, /1962Khattab et al, 2006;Lehn, 1963).…”

“…The second term, musta˓liya (IPA: /mustaʕlija/) 'with an elevated dorsum' is used to describe these four consonants /sˤ tˤ dˤ ðˤ/ in addition to /q x ɣ/ (Cantineau, 1960;Jakobson, 1957Jakobson, /1962Khattab et al, 2006;Lehn, 1963). The difference between relatively higher first formant (F1) in the pharyngealized context (e.g., Al-Tamimi, F. Barkat-Defradas et al, 2003;Ghazeli, 1977;Jongman et al, 2011;Khattab et al, 2006;Laufer & Baer, 1988;Shahin, 1996Shahin, , 1997. The observed differences on F1 were not as consistent as those obtained for F2, and this led many researchers to consider only F2 as the main acoustic correlate to pharyngealization in Arabic (e.g., McCarthy, 1994;Watson, 2007).…”