Acne treatment review and future perspectives

Abstract

Acne affects approximately 9% of people worldwide and is the most common skin condition in the USA. There are abundant topical and oral treatment options available for patients with acne. First-line agents include topical retinoids, azelaic acid, benzoyl peroxide, and combinations of these agents. For recalcitrant or more severe acne, oral medications, including oral antibiotics, isotretinoin, or hormonal therapy, may be considered. This review will also discuss the many advances being made in the treatment of acne vulgaris, from the development of microencapsulated medications to targeted treatments.

Skin Pigmentation and Cosmetic Considerations for Even Skin Tone

“…Though tretinoin is recommended for the treatment of dark circles [201], melasma [202], and acne [203], some new retinoid derivatives such as adapalene, tazarotene, and trifarotene have also come into the market for dermatological usage [204,205].…”

A Murine Model for Measuring Sebum Production That Can Be Used to Test Therapeutic Agents for the Management of Acne Vulgaris

“…Apart from hygienic treatments that attempt to wash away excess sebum accumulation or reduce acne‐contributing bacterial accumulations with bactericidal agents such as benzyl peroxide, the only pharmacological approach to treating the condition is with retinoids, such as tretinoin (Retin‐A ® ) and isotretinoin (Accutane ® ), which reduce sebum production (Fox et al., 2016). A well‐established liability of retinoids, particularly tretinoin and isotretinoin, is their strong teratogenic activity (Mohsin et al., 2022). Consequently, these retinoids are the leading pharmaceutical approach toward treating this very common condition despite the fact that about half of the patients who receive these agents are women of childbearing age and nearing the peak of their period of childbearing potential.…”

Sulforaphene Attenuates Cutibacterium acnes-Induced Inflammation

“…It mainly appears on the face, neck, and chest where there is a lot of sebum secretion. As a result, it sometimes leaves unpleasant scarring on the skin [ 13 ]. The condition is not only a cosmetic concern, it also causes various psychological problems [ 14 ].…”

“…Acne occurs for a variety of reasons. In women, acne sometimes worsens periodically [ 13 ], usually about 1-2 weeks before menstruation, and it is thought to be caused by a progesterone hormone. Patients with endocrine disorders are particularly prone to acne [ 15 ], while various additives in cosmetics can also be a cause [ 16 ].…”

“…Acne worsens in strong sunlight or in hot, humid environments. If an affected individual constantly touches, rubs, or presses on acne, secondary infection and spread of the condition can also occur [ 13 ].…”