“…Part of the controversy stems from gender issues (Kasl, 1992;Sanders, 2010;Van Den Bergh, 1991), mutual disregard and mistrust issues between professionals and AA members (Flores, 1997) and the challenge of conducting research on AA's effectiveness (Emrick, Tonigan, Montgomery, & Little, 1993;Oakes, Allen & Ciarrocchi, 2000;Straussner, & Byrne, 2009). Some of the gender issues arise from the language of the Twelve Steps, AA's principles for recovery, the misunderstanding of spirituality vs. religion, and the concept of empowerment versus powerlessness for women (Berenson, 1988;Covington, 1994;Sanders, 2006).…”