Acinetobacter baumannii: An Ancient Commensal with Weapons of a Pathogen

Sarshar, Meysam; Behzadi, Payam; Scribano, Daniela; Palamara, Anna Teresa; Ambrosi, Cecilia

doi:10.3390/pathogens10040387

Cited by 117 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 181 publications

(321 reference statements)

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“…The unliganded TLR9-TLR9 homodimers exist (like TLR8 and unlike TLR7 glycoproteins), and the presence of the related ligand may lead to a change in the spatial configuration of the homodimers. Each horseshoe-like extracellular ectodomain of TLR9 consists of 25 LRRs [8,98,120,140,166,[170][171][172].…”

Section: Tlr3mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The CpG-DNA ligand binds symmetrically to each TLR9-TLR9 homodimer, which may lead to the occurrence of a stoichiometric complex of 2 : 2. The ligand occupies the N-terminal of the LRR cluster, including LRRNT to LRR10 from one protomer and the C-terminal LRR cluster comprising LRRs 20-22 from the other protomer [8,98,120,140,166,[170][171][172].…”

Section: Tlr3mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The synthesized TLR molecules then continue their completion process of glycosylation. Then, TLR's trafficking process is completed by its transmission from ER into the cis -Golgi apparatus [ 41 , 42 , 63 , 97 , 98 ]. TLRs are synthesized within the ER because of the presence of pivotal chaperones including Unc-93 homolog B1 (Unc93B1-a polytopic (12 segmented) transmembrane protein), gp96 (Hsp90 β 1), and PRAT4A (CNPY3), which contribute to spatial folding and configuration of the cell membrane and endosomal TLRs.…”

Section: General Mechanisms Of Tlr Biosynthesis and Traffickingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As aforementioned, the TLR1-TLR2 heterodimers are able to detect triacylated lipopeptides belonging to Gram-negative bacteria and Mycoplasma spp., while the TLR2-TLR6 heterodimers identify the diacylated lipopeptides of Gram-positive bacteria and Mycoplasma spp. [ 98 , 121 ]. The TLR2 molecules encompass a high affinity to the related ligands with low concentration [ 63 ].…”

Section: General Mechanisms Of Tlr Biosynthesis and Traffickingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toll-Like Receptors: General Molecular and Structural Biology

Behzadi

García‐Perdomo

Karpiński

2021

Journal of Immunology Research

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129

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Background/Aim. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pivotal biomolecules in the immune system. Today, we are all aware of the importance of TLRs in bridging innate and adaptive immune system to each other. The TLRs are activated through binding to damage/danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), microbial/microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and xenobiotic-associated molecular patterns (XAMPs). The immunogenetic molecules of TLRs have their own functions, structures, coreceptors, and ligands which make them unique. These properties of TLRs give us an opportunity to find out how we can employ this knowledge for ligand-drug discovery strategies to control TLRs functions and contribution, signaling pathways, and indirect activities. Hence, the authors of this paper have a deep observation on the molecular and structural biology of human TLRs (hTLRs). Methods and Materials. To prepare this paper and fulfill our goals, different search engines (e.g., GOOGLE SCHOLAR), Databases (e.g., MEDLINE), and websites (e.g., SCOPUS) were recruited to search and find effective papers and investigations. To reach this purpose, we tried with papers published in the English language with no limitation in time. The iCite bibliometrics was exploited to check the quality of the collected publications. Results. Each TLR molecule has its own molecular and structural biology, coreceptor(s), and abilities which make them unique or a complementary portion of the others. These immunogenetic molecules have remarkable roles and are much more important in different sections of immune and nonimmune systems rather than that we understand to date. Conclusion. TLRs are suitable targets for ligand-drug discovery strategies to establish new therapeutics in the fields of infectious and autoimmune diseases, cancers, and other inflammatory diseases and disorders.

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Section: Tlr3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tlr3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Mechanisms Of Tlr Biosynthesis and Traffickingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Mechanisms Of Tlr Biosynthesis and Traffickingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toll-Like Receptors: General Molecular and Structural Biology

Behzadi

García‐Perdomo

Karpiński

2021

Journal of Immunology Research

Self Cite

129

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“…[ 45 , 46 ]. These pathogens are generally categorized as multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, or pan drug-resistant [ 47 ], and represent the worldwide leading cause of nosocomial infections [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ].…”

Section: Inorganic Nanoparticles With Antimicrobial Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inorganic Nanoparticles and Composite Films for Antimicrobial Therapies

Spirescu

Chircov

Grumezescu

et al. 2021

IJMS

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The development of drug-resistant microorganisms has become a critical issue for modern medicine and drug discovery and development with severe socio-economic and ecological implications. Since standard and conventional treatment options are generally inefficient, leading to infection persistence and spreading, novel strategies are fundamentally necessary in order to avoid serious global health problems. In this regard, both metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) demonstrated increased effectiveness as nanobiocides due to intrinsic antimicrobial properties and as nanocarriers for antimicrobial drugs. Among them, gold, silver, copper, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, and iron oxide NPs are the most preferred, owing to their proven antimicrobial mechanisms and bio/cytocompatibility. Furthermore, inorganic NPs can be incorporated or attached to organic/inorganic films, thus broadening their application within implant or catheter coatings and wound dressings. In this context, this paper aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the most recent studies investigating inorganic NPs and their integration into composite films designed for antimicrobial therapies.

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