Acidification diminishes diatom silica production in the Southern Ocean

Petrou, Katherina; Baker, Kirralee G.; Nielsen, Daniel A.; Hancock, Alyce M.; Schulz, Kai G.; Davidson, Andrew T.

doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0557-y

Cited by 86 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 67 publications

(105 reference statements)

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“…Projected changes in primary production and phytoplankton species composition have been explored using model simulations (e.g., Bopp et al, 2013;Leung et al, 2015;Moore et al, 2018), manipulation experiments in polar and subpolar waters (e.g., Boyd et al, 2000Boyd et al, , 2016Hernando et al, 2015Hernando et al, , 2018Zhu et al, 2016;Petrou et al, 2019), and insights from paleoproxy records (Goto-Azuma et al, 2019) and contemporary natural variability such as the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (e.g., Saba et al, 2014;Schine et al, 2016). Projections of changes in NPP for the entire Southern Ocean based on model simulations within the coupled model intercomparison project 5 (CMIP5) show a good degree of agreement across models (Bopp et al, 2013;Leung et al, 2015;Moore et al, 2018).…”

Section: Projected Changes In Npp and Driversmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing Biogeochemistry of the Southern Ocean and Its Ecosystem Implications

et al. 2020

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Section: Projected Changes In Npp and Driversmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing Biogeochemistry of the Southern Ocean and Its Ecosystem Implications

et al. 2020

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“…Various uniformly defined SAG modeling experiments of different complexity have been designed within the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) to be performed by different modeling groups within phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) (Kravitz et al, 2011) and CMIP6 (Kravitz et al, 2015). These simulations involve either injecting sulfur dioxide at the Equator or using earlier derived prescribed aerosol distributions to reach the described goals (e.g., Pitari et al, 2014). These were designed, for instance, to keep the radiative forcing at 2020 levels, or apply a constant injection followed by a termination of the injection after 50 years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reaching 1.5 and 2.0 °C global surface temperature targets using stratospheric aerosol geoengineering

et al. 2020

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Abstract. A new set of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering (SAG) model experiments has been performed with Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM6) that are based on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) overshoot scenario (SSP5-34-OS) as a baseline scenario to limit global warming to 1.5 or 2.0 ∘C above 1850–1900 conditions. The overshoot scenario allows us to applying a peak-shaving scenario that reduces the needed duration and amount of SAG application compared to a high forcing scenario. In addition, a feedback algorithm identifies the needed amount of sulfur dioxide injections in the stratosphere at four pre-defined latitudes, 30∘ N, 15∘ N, 15∘ S, and 30∘ S, to reach three surface temperature targets: global mean temperature, and interhemispheric and pole-to-Equator temperature gradients. These targets further help to reduce side effects, including overcooling in the tropics, warming of high latitudes, and large shifts in precipitation patterns. These experiments are therefore relevant for investigating the impacts on society and ecosystems. Comparisons to SAG simulations based on a high emission pathway baseline scenario (SSP5-85) are also performed to investigate the dependency of impacts using different injection amounts to offset surface warming by SAG. We find that changes from present-day conditions around 2020 in some variables depend strongly on the defined temperature target (1.5 ∘C vs. 2.0 ∘C). These include surface air temperature and related impacts, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, which impacts ocean net primary productivity, and changes in ice sheet surface mass balance, which impacts sea level rise. Others, including global precipitation changes and the recovery of the Antarctic ozone hole, depend strongly on the amount of SAG application. Furthermore, land net primary productivity as well as ocean acidification depend mostly on the global atmospheric CO2 concentration and therefore the baseline scenario. Multi-model comparisons of experiments that include strong mitigation and carbon dioxide removal with some SAG application are proposed to assess the robustness of impacts on societies and ecosystems.

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“…However, most sponges have siliceous spicules and therefore, are generally more tolerant of OA and might even benefit from future acidified conditions (Bell et al, 2018). The silica cycle in the deep ocean is still not well understood (Ragueneau et al, 2000) but the silica flux from surface to deep waters could be strongly affected by OA (Petrou et al, 2019). However, the dissolved silica from the spicule mats formed by the sponges might be enough to build their new skeletal material (Chu et al, 2011;Maldonado et al, 2017Maldonado et al, , 2019.…”

Section: Carbonate Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Water Masses on the Biodiversity and Biogeography of Deep-Sea Benthic Ecosystems in the North Atlantic

et al. 2020

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Circulation patterns in the North Atlantic Ocean have changed and reorganized multiple times over millions of years, influencing the biodiversity, distribution, and connectivity patterns of deep-sea species and ecosystems. In this study, we review the effects of the water mass properties (temperature, salinity, food supply, carbonate chemistry, and oxygen) on deep-sea benthic megafauna (from species to community level) and discussed in future scenarios of climate change. We focus on the key oceanic controls on deep-sea megafauna biodiversity and biogeography patterns. We place particular attention on cold-water corals and sponges, as these are ecosystem-engineering organisms that constitute vulnerable marine ecosystems (VME) with high associated biodiversity. Besides documenting the current state of the knowledge on this topic, a future scenario for water mass properties in the deep North Atlantic basin was predicted. The pace and severity of climate change in the deep-sea will vary across regions. However, predicted water mass properties showed that all regions in the North Atlantic will be exposed to multiple stressors by 2100, experiencing at least one critical change in water temperature (+2 • C), organic carbon fluxes (reduced up to 50%), ocean acidification (pH reduced up to 0.3), aragonite saturation horizon (shoaling above 1000 m) and/or reduction in dissolved oxygen (>5%). The northernmost regions of the North Atlantic will suffer the greatest impacts. Warmer and more acidic oceans will drastically reduce the suitable habitat for ecosystem-engineers, with severe consequences such as declines in population densities, even compromising their long-term survival, loss of biodiversity and reduced biogeographic distribution that might compromise connectivity at large scales. These effects can be aggravated by reductions in carbon fluxes, particularly in areas where food availability is already limited. Declines in benthic biomass and biodiversity will diminish ecosystem services such as habitat provision, nutrient

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Acidification diminishes diatom silica production in the Southern Ocean

Cited by 86 publications

References 67 publications

Changing Biogeochemistry of the Southern Ocean and Its Ecosystem Implications

Changing Biogeochemistry of the Southern Ocean and Its Ecosystem Implications

Reaching 1.5 and 2.0 °C global surface temperature targets using stratospheric aerosol geoengineering

Influence of Water Masses on the Biodiversity and Biogeography of Deep-Sea Benthic Ecosystems in the North Atlantic

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