Acide γ-Hydroxybutyrique (GHB), γ-butyrolactone (GBL) et 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) : revue de la littérature des aspects pharmacologiques, cliniques, analytiques et médico-légaux

Dufayet, Laurène; Bargel, Sophie; Bonnet, Anastasia; Boukerma, Arezki Khaled; Chevallier, Coralie; Evrard, Marion; Guillotin, Sophie; Loeuillet, Elodie; Paradis, Carole; Pouget, Alix Marie; Reynoard, Julien; Vaucel, Jules-Antoine

doi:10.1016/j.toxac.2022.09.004

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 155 publications

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“…GHB-gamma hydroxy butyrate-was described in the 1960s as an anesthetic, but due to its adverse effects-nausea, vomiting, and hallucinations-its use for this purpose was restricted to very specific situations such as treatment for catalepsy (Dufayet et al, 2023a(Dufayet et al, , 2023b. Two precursors were described as well: GBL-gamma butyrolactone-and 1,4-BD-1,4-butanediol-without anesthetic properties (Palmer, 2004;Tay et al, 2022).…”

Section: Prodrugs Of Ghbmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The use of prodrugs as drugs of abuse

Ponce

2024

WIREs Forensic Science

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Prodrugs are an important strategy for the development and design of therapeutic drugs. They involve the addition of an easily removable group (such as an ester) to a molecule in order to chemically protect it from metabolism, hydrolysis, or interaction with tissues. In the therapeutic drug market, prodrugs may reduce adverse effects, lead to more accurate tissue delivery, increase bioavailability and duration of effects. The same strategy has, however, been used in the illicit drug market. Internationally controlled drugs such as LSD, MDMA and benzodiazepines have been detected in the market with the addition of alkyl chain that can be removed in physiological conditions. Cyclical analogues may also be used, as is the case for 1cP‐LSD and GBL (a prodrug of GHB). Adequate detection requires increased care with extraction and analytical conditions—as the parent drugs may be formed as artifacts during these processes—and an in‐depth knowledge of metabolic pathways to avoid erroneous detection and allow for adequate identification of the drug used. Legislative updates may also be necessary to ensure prodrugs can be controlled at the same level as other illicit drugs.This article is categorized under: Toxicology > New Psychoactive Substances Toxicology > Drug Analysis Toxicology > Analytical

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Section: Prodrugs Of Ghbmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When ingested, GBL and 1,4-BD are quickly converted into GHB. GBL has a heterocyclic ring that is broken in a reaction catalyzed by lactonase, while 1,4-butanediol is catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase into 4-hydroxybutyraldehyde and further into GHB by aldehyde dehydrogenase (Dufayet et al, 2023a(Dufayet et al, , 2023bTay et al, 2022).…”

Section: Prodrugs Of Ghbmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of prodrugs as drugs of abuse

Ponce

2024

WIREs Forensic Science

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Toxicologie des drogues illicites/toxicomanie

KHELFI,

Djemili,

Bellouard

et al. 2023

Tout-en-Un De Toxicologie

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Smartphone swabs as an emerging tool for toxicology testing: a proof-of-concept study in a nightclub

Willeman,

Grunwald,

Manceau

et al. 2024

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)

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Objectives Smartphones have become everyday objects on which the accumulation of fingerprints is significant. In addition, a large proportion of the population regularly uses a smartphone, especially younger people. The objective of this study was to evaluate smartphones as a new matrix for toxico-epidemiology. Methods This study was conducted during two separate events (techno and trance) at an electronic music nightclub in Grenoble, France. Data on reported drug use and whether drugs were snorted directly from the surface of the smartphone were collected using an anonymous questionnaire completed voluntarily by drug users. Then, a dry swab was rubbed for 20 s on all sides of the smartphone. The extract was analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry on a Xevo TQ-XS system (Waters). Results In total, 122 swabs from 122 drug users were collected. The three main drugs identified were MDMA (n=83), cocaine (n=59), and THC (n=51). Based on declarative data, sensitivity ranged from 73 to 97.2 % and specificity from 71.8 to 88.1 % for MDMA, cocaine, and THC. Other substances were identified such as cocaine adulterants, ketamine, amphetamine, LSD, methamphetamine, CBD, DMT, heroin, mescaline, and several NPS. Numerous medications were also identified, such as antidepressants, anxiolytics, hypnotics, and painkillers. Different use patterns were identified between the two events. Conclusions This proof-of-concept study on 122 subjects shows that smartphone swab analysis could provide a useful and complementary tool for drug testing, especially for harm-reduction programs and toxico-epidemiolgy studies, with acceptable test performance, despite declarative data.

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Acide γ-Hydroxybutyrique (GHB), γ-butyrolactone (GBL) et 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) : revue de la littérature des aspects pharmacologiques, cliniques, analytiques et médico-légaux

Cited by 3 publications

References 155 publications

The use of prodrugs as drugs of abuse

The use of prodrugs as drugs of abuse

Toxicologie des drogues illicites/toxicomanie

Smartphone swabs as an emerging tool for toxicology testing: a proof-of-concept study in a nightclub

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