Acid rain in southwestern China

Zhao, Dan; Jiling, Xiong; Xu, Yu; Chan, Walter H.

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(88)90040-6

Cited by 167 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Microbacterium species are reported to survive and sometimes dominate in extreme environments such as alkaline groundwater (Wu et al, 2011). In arid areas, minerals, including sodium, were accumulated on dune surfaces, causing alkaline environments (Dianwu et al, 1988). Accordingly, bacterial populations in alkaline desert environments are expected to be one of the sources of airborne bacteria, such as Microbacterium species, that may be transported over a long distance.…”

Section: Ubiquitous Bacteria Detected In Extreme Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical distribution of airborne bacterial communities in an Asian-dust downwind area, Noto Peninsula

Maki

Hara

Kobayashi

et al. 2015

Atmospheric Environment

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Bioaerosols at high altitudes were collected using an aircraft and a balloon.Pyrosequencing using 16S rDNA revealed vertical distributions of airborne bacteria.16S rDNA clone libraries suggested the transport of terrestrial and marine bacteria.Meteorological conditions contribute to vertical variations in airborne bacteria. 3 AbstractBacterial populations transported from ground environments to the atmosphere get dispersed throughout downwind areas and can influence ecosystem dynamics, human health, and climate change. However, the vertical bacterial distribution in the free troposphere was rarely investigated in detail. We collected aerosols at altitudes of 3,000 m, 1,000 m, and 10 m over the Noto Peninsula, Japan, where the westerly winds carry aerosols from continental and marine areas. During the sampling period on March 10, 2012, the air mass at 3,000 m was transported from the Chinese desert region by the westerly winds, and a boundary layer was formed below 2,000 m. Pyrosequencing targeting 16S rRNA genes (16S rDNA) revealed that the bacterial community at 3,000 m was predominantly composed of terrestrial bacteria, such as Bacillus and Actinobacterium species. In contrast, those at 1,000 m and 10 m included marine bacteria belonging to the classes Cyanobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria. The entire 16S rDNA sequences in the clone libraries were identical to those of the terrestrial and marine bacterial species, which originated from the Chinese desert region and the Sea of Japan, respectively. The origins of air masses and meteorological conditions contribute to vertical variations in the bacterial communities in downwind atmosphere.

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Section: Ubiquitous Bacteria Detected In Extreme Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical distribution of airborne bacterial communities in an Asian-dust downwind area, Noto Peninsula

Maki

Hara

Kobayashi

et al. 2015

Atmospheric Environment

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“…In China, systematic acid deposition monitoring across the country is absent. Monitoring of acid rain started in the 1980s, but only at a few stations, and suffered from improper device setup and incomplete data series (Zhao et al, 1988). Under the current national monitoring networks, only general urban air quality parameters and rainwater pH are measured, whereas little effort has been invested in determining the chemistry of the pollutants (Tang et al, 2010).…”

Section: Y P Pan Et Al: Wet and Dry Deposition Of Sulfur In Northementioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial distribution and temporal variations of atmospheric sulfur deposition in Northern China: insights into the potential acidification risks

et al. 2013

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Abstract. Atmospheric sulfur (S) deposition via precipitation, particles and gases was investigated at ten sites in Northern China. Measurements were performed continuously between December 2007 and November 2010. The total S deposition flux in the target area ranged from 35.0 to 100.7 kg S ha −1 yr −1 , noticeably higher than the values documented in Europe, North America, and East Asia. The tensite, 3-yr average total S deposition was 64.8 kg S ha −1 yr −1 , with 68 % attributed to dry deposition (mainly SO 2 ) and the rest to wet deposition. Consequently, the spatial distribution of the total flux was consistent to that of dry deposition, that is, higher values were observed at industrial and urban sites than at agricultural and rural sites. However, the seasonal variation in the total S deposition was not obvious across the entire year because of opposite seasonal trends in wet and dry deposition. It was found that the wet deposition, without significant spatial and interannual differences, was influenced by the volume of precipitation, the air-column concentrations of S compounds and in-cloud scavenging. Similar to the wet deposition, the dry-deposited sulfate was also less dependent on the surface concentration. Nevertheless, the regional differences in SO 2 dry deposition were mostly explained by the ambient concentration, which is closely associated with local emissions. As expected, the spatial pattern of total S deposition resembled that of the emission inventory, indicating the dramatic anthropogenic imprints on the regional S budget. Although at most of the study sites the "acid equivalents" deposition of S was comparable to that of nitrogen (N), the importance of S in the acidification risks was more pronounced at the industrial sites. The ten-site, 3-yr mean total "acid equivalents" deposition of S and N was estimated to be 8.4 (range: 4.2-11.6) keq ha −1 yr −1 , which exceeds the critical loads for natural ecosystems in Northern China. Taking these findings and our previous studies together, a multipollutant perspective and joint mitigation strategies to abate SO 2 and NH 3 simultaneously in the target area are recommended to protect natural ecosystems from excess acid deposition.

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“…ammonia emission | China | PM2.5 | acid rain | nitrogen deposition D uring recent decades, growing fossil fuel consumption resulting from rapid economic development and intense agricultural production has brought about huge emissions of multiple air pollutants and associated environmental issues in China: (i) acid rain, (ii) enhanced nitrogen deposition, and (iii) air quality deterioration caused by fine particulate matter (i.e., aerodynamic diameters ≤ 2.5 μm; PM 2.5 ). In the 1980s, acid rain was recognized as a top environmental issue in China; it was characterized by precipitation acidification with a pH less than 5.6 as a result of high levels of sulfur dioxide (i.e., SO 2 ) and nitrogen oxide (i.e., NO x ) emission from fossil fuel combustion (1)(2)(3). Moreover, large amounts of NH 3 emission from dense agricultural activities has made China a global hotspot for nitrogen deposition (4,5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonia emission control in China would mitigate haze pollution and nitrogen deposition, but worsen acid rain

Liu

Huang

Song

et al. 2019

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

359

207

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China has been experiencing fine particle (i.e., aerodynamic diameters ≤ 2.5 µm; PM2.5) pollution and acid rain in recent decades, which exert adverse impacts on human health and the ecosystem. Recently, ammonia (i.e., NH3) emission reduction has been proposed as a strategic option to mitigate haze pollution. However, atmospheric NH3 is also closely bound to nitrogen deposition and acid rain, and comprehensive impacts of NH3 emission control are still poorly understood in China. In this study, by integrating a chemical transport model with a high-resolution NH3 emission inventory, we find that NH3 emission abatement can mitigate PM2.5 pollution and nitrogen deposition but would worsen acid rain in China. Quantitatively, a 50% reduction in NH3 emissions achievable by improving agricultural management, along with a targeted emission reduction (15%) for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, can alleviate PM2.5 pollution by 11−17% primarily by suppressing ammonium nitrate formation. Meanwhile, nitrogen deposition is estimated to decrease by 34%, with the area exceeding the critical load shrinking from 17% to 9% of China’s terrestrial land. Nevertheless, this NH3 reduction would significantly aggravate precipitation acidification, with a decrease of as much as 1.0 unit in rainfall pH and a corresponding substantial increase in areas with heavy acid rain. An economic evaluation demonstrates that the worsened acid rain would partly offset the total economic benefit from improved air quality and less nitrogen deposition. After considering the costs of abatement options, we propose a region-specific strategy for multipollutant controls that will benefit human and ecosystem health.

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Acid rain in southwestern China

Cited by 167 publications

References 2 publications

Vertical distribution of airborne bacterial communities in an Asian-dust downwind area, Noto Peninsula

Vertical distribution of airborne bacterial communities in an Asian-dust downwind area, Noto Peninsula

Spatial distribution and temporal variations of atmospheric sulfur deposition in Northern China: insights into the potential acidification risks

Ammonia emission control in China would mitigate haze pollution and nitrogen deposition, but worsen acid rain

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