Acid rain and ozone depletion from pulsed Siberian Traps magmatism

Black, B. A.; Lamarque, J. F.; Shields, Christine A.; Elkins-Tanton, Linda T.; Kiehl, J. T.

doi:10.1130/g34875.1

Cited by 150 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…However, the fate of these gases is more diffi cult to understand at present. For example, we have little knowledge about the atmospheric burdens, the atmospheric lifetimes, and the climatic impact of the magmatic sulfur-and halogen-bearing species released during a typical continental fl ood basalt eruption, but recent efforts in this direction include the use of global climate models (Black et al, 2013). Aside from the direct release of magmatic gases, the interaction of magma with the sedimentary bedrock during the emplacement of some continental fl ood basalt provinces could have released additional carbon and possibly sulfur and halogen-bearing species into the atmosphere (e.g., Svensen et al, 2009;Iacono-Marziano et al, 2012a, 2012bGanino and Arndt, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Grasby et al (2011) suggested that deposition of coal fl y-ash generated by magma-coal pyrometamorphism in the Siberian province resulted in toxic marine conditions. Black et al (2013) presented modeling to suggest that the halocarbon release from crustal reservoirs associated with Siberian Traps volcanism (Aarnes et al, 2011) could have had signifi cant effects on stratospheric ozone levels. It should be noted that the tropospheric lifetime of halocarbons such as CH 3 Cl is suffi ciently long (>1 yr) that even those released in the lower troposphere reach the stratosphere, reducing the sensitivity of their environmental effects to atmospheric injection.…”

Section: Gas Release From Continental Flood Basalt Eruptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other continental fl ood basalt provinces such as the Siberian Traps may have exhibited large-magnitude explosive phases and also liberated substantial amounts of halogens, both directly via magmatic gases (Sobolev et al, 2011;Black et al, 2012Black et al, , 2013 and via magma-country-rock interactions (Svensen et al, 2009;Iacono-Marziano et al, 2012a, 2012bGanino and Arndt, 2009). Black et al (2013) addressed these uncertainties by modeling 27 perturbation and recovery scenarios to approximate gas release from plausible magmatic episodes, including a large pyroclastic eruption, metamorphism of hydrocarbon-bearing evaporite salts, and one or more explosive pipes, as well as stratospheric versus tropospheric injection. Overall, there is no simple way to generalize these scenarios for continental fl ood basalt volcanism as a whole; rather, when it comes to interactions with sedimentary rocks in the crust, we very much need to assess continental fl ood basalt provinces on a case-by-case basis.…”

Section: Eruption Source Parameters For Earth System Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…soils (Black et al, 2013; see the recent review by Bryan and Ferrari, 2013). Proposed long-term effects include global warming from the greenhouse gas forcing of volcanic CO 2 (released by the eruptions) lasting tens to thousands of years (Chenet et al, 2008;Sobolev et al, 2011;Joachimski et al, 2012), which was originally disputed by Caldeira and Rampino (1990) and is still a matter of debate .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using a two-dimensional (2-D) chemical transport model, Beerling et al (2007) suggested that the release of hydrogen chloride and methyl chloride during the Siberian Traps eruptions could have resulted in mutagenic effects on plants through increased ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation as a result of enhanced ozone depletion. Black et al (2013) conducted the fi rst threedimensional (3-D) global climate modeling study of volcanic sulfur and halogen species released by a single magmatic episode of the Siberian Traps and suggested that widespread acid rain and global ozone depletion directly contributed to the end-Permian mass extinction. Dessert et al (2001) showed, based on modeling seawater strontium isotope ratios, that the emplacement of the Deccan Traps basalts had a signifi cant effect on geochemical cycling of carbon and strontium and atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, and hence climate, although Self et al (2006) suggested that the model run that showed this was based on implausibly rapid emplacement of the Deccan Traps.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emplacement characteristics, time scales, and volcanic gas release rates of continental flood basalt eruptions on Earth

Self¹,

Schmidt²,

Mather³

2014

Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects

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Continental fl ood basalt provinces are the subaerial expression of large igneous province volcanism. The emplacement of a continental fl ood basalt is an exceptional volcanic event in the geological history of our planet with the potential to directly impact Earth's atmosphere and environment. Large igneous province volcanism appears to have occurred episodically every 10-30 m.y. through most of Earth history. Most continental fl ood basalt provinces appear to have formed within 1-3 m.y., and within this period, one or more pulses of great magma production and lava eruption took place. These pulses may have lasted from 1 m.y. to as little as a few hundred thousand years. Within these pulses, tens to hundreds of volumetrically large eruptions took place, each producing 10 3 -10 4 km 3 of predominantly pāhoehoe lava and releasing unprecedented amounts of volcanic gases and ash into the atmosphere. The majority of magmatic gas species released had the potential to alter climate and/or atmospheric composition, in particular during violent explosive phases at the eruptive vents when volcanic gases were lofted into the stratosphere. Aside from the direct release of magmatic gases, magma-sediment interactions featured in some continental fl ood basalt provinces could have released additional carbon, sulfur, and halogen-bearing species into the atmosphere. Despite their potential importance, given the different nature of the country rock associated with each continental fl ood basalt province, it is diffi cult to make generalizations about these emissions from one province to another. The coincidence of continental fl ood basalt volcanism with periods of major biotic change is well substantiated, but the actual mechanisms by which *steve

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gas Release From Continental Flood Basalt Eruptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Eruption Source Parameters For Earth System Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emplacement characteristics, time scales, and volcanic gas release rates of continental flood basalt eruptions on Earth

Self¹,

Schmidt²,

Mather³

2014

Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects

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Ozone depletion following future volcanic eruptions

Klobas

Wilmouth

Weisenstein

et al. 2017

Geophysical Research Letters

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While explosive volcanic eruptions cause ozone loss in the current atmosphere due to an enhancement in the availability of reactive chlorine following the stratospheric injection of sulfur, future eruptions are expected to increase total column ozone as halogen loading approaches preindustrial levels. The timing of this shift in the impact of major volcanic eruptions on the thickness of the ozone layer is poorly known. Modeling four possible climate futures, we show that scenarios with the smallest increase in greenhouse gas concentrations lead to the greatest risk to ozone from heterogeneous chemical processing following future eruptions. We also show that the presence in the stratosphere of bromine from natural, very short‐lived biogenic compounds is critically important for determining whether future eruptions will lead to ozone depletion. If volcanic eruptions inject hydrogen halides into the stratosphere, an effect not considered in current ozone assessments, potentially profound reductions in column ozone would result.

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Extinction: End‐Permian Mass Extinction

Clapham¹

2021

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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The end‐Permian mass extinction (251.9 million years ago) was an abrupt and severe loss of diversity on land and in the oceans, the largest extinction of the Phanerozoic. Recent palaeontological, geochemical and modelling studies link the extinction with eruption of the Siberian Traps flood basalts, which would have caused ocean warming and acidification, and shallow‐marine anoxia. On land, global warming, punctuated with episodic cooling from eruption‐related sulfur aerosols, and aridification were mostly responsible for the vertebrate and plant extinction. Although almost no marine group emerged unscathed, selectivity favoured more active animals, while sessile and heavily calcified taxa such as corals and reef‐building sponges suffered heavily. The recovery interval was unusually long, likely because of continuing stress, and the extinction resulted in permanent shifts in marine ecosystem composition and structure, giving rise to the mollusc‐rich communities that still dominate today. The end‐Permian mass extinction was a severe crisis for nearly every plant and animal group, on land and in the oceans. The extinction was abrupt, apparently synchronous on land and in the sea in the tropics (but perhaps earlier among high‐latitude plants), with the majority of taxonomic losses occurring over a few tens of thousands of years, approximately 251.9 million years ago. In the marine realm, more actively motile animal groups fared relatively better during the extinction. Reef ecosystems were particularly hard‐hit. The primary causes of the marine extinction were ocean warming, acidification and expansion of low‐oxygen water, ultimately triggered by CO 2 released by Siberia Traps flood basalt volcanism. The terrestrial extinction was also caused by global warming and the resulting dry conditions and perhaps acid rain or ozone destruction and enhanced UV radiation. It took an unusually long time (5–7 million years) for most marine and terrestrial ecosystems to recover from the extinction, likely because of continuing intermittent stress. The extinction triggered permanent changes in the composition and structure of marine ecosystems, giving rise to mollusc‐dominated communities that remain dominant today.

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Acid rain and ozone depletion from pulsed Siberian Traps magmatism

Cited by 150 publications

References 24 publications

Emplacement characteristics, time scales, and volcanic gas release rates of continental flood basalt eruptions on Earth

Emplacement characteristics, time scales, and volcanic gas release rates of continental flood basalt eruptions on Earth

Ozone depletion following future volcanic eruptions

Extinction: End‐Permian Mass Extinction

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